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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Video‐feedback intervention to promote positive parenting for parents with learning difficulties (VIPP‐LD) vs treatment Parenting stress: total · 85 parents (83 mothers and 2 fathers) with intellectual disabilities Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 85 participants | Moderate |
Parent training vs treatment Recognising dangers · people with intellectual disability Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Parent training vs treatment Identifying precautions · people with intellectual disability Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Parent training vs treatment Home precautions · people with intellectual disability Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Parent training vs treatment Home precautions · people with intellectual disability Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Parent training vs treatment Child health comprehension · people with intellectual disability Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Parent training vs treatment Symptom recognition · people with intellectual disability Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Parent training vs treatment Parent‐child interaction · people with intellectual disability Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parent training vs treatment Maternal‐child interaction · people with intellectual disability Parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disability (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Methylphenidate vs placebo ADHD symptom‐related behavior Measured by standardized rating scales: Conners' Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale, Conners' Abbreviated Parent Rating Scale, IOWA Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, Mothers' Objective Method for Subgrouping, Continuous Pe... · children with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 229 participants | Low |
Methylphenidate vs placebo Tic severity Measured by standardized rating scales: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale, Tourette Syndrome Clinical Global Impression Scale, Global Tic Rating Scale, 2‐Minute Tic and Habit Count, Tic Symptom Self‐Report · children with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 229 participants | Low |
Clonidine vs placebo ADHD symptom‐related behavior Measured by standardized rating scales: Conners' Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale, Conners' Abbreviated Parent Rating Scale, IOWA Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, Conners' Continuous Performance Task, Child Behaviour Ch... · children with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 170 participants | Low |
Clonidine vs placebo Tic severity Measured by standardized rating scales: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale, Global Tic Rating Scale, Tic Symptom Self‐Report, Hopkins Motor/Vocal Scale · children with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 170 participants | Low |
Desipramine vs placebo ADHD symptom‐related behavior Measured by standardized rating scales: Child Behaviour Checklist, Gordon Diagnostic System, Clinical Evaluation of Language Function, Matching Familial Figures Test, Porteus Maze Test, Restricted Academic Test, ADHD ... · children with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 75 participants | Very low |
Desipramine vs placebo Tic severity Measured by standardized rating scales: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale, Hopkins Motor/Vocal Scale; ADHD Parent Linear Analogue Scale · children with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 75 participants | Very low |
Phonics training vs control (no training or alternative training) Mixed/regular word reading accuracy · English‐speaking poor readers Phonics training for English‐speaking poor readers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 701 participants | Low |
Phonics training vs control (no training or alternative training) Non‐word reading accuracy · English‐speaking poor readers Phonics training for English‐speaking poor readers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 682 participants | Low |
Phonics training vs control (no training or alternative training) Irregular word reading accuracy · English‐speaking poor readers Phonics training for English‐speaking poor readers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 294 participants | Moderate |
Phonics training vs control (no training or alternative training) Mixed/regular word reading fluency · English‐speaking poor readers Phonics training for English‐speaking poor readers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 224 participants | Moderate |
Phonics training vs control (no training or alternative training) Non‐word reading fluency · English‐speaking poor readers Phonics training for English‐speaking poor readers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 188 participants | Moderate |
Phonics training vs control (no training or alternative training) Reading comprehension · English‐speaking poor readers Phonics training for English‐speaking poor readers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 343 participants | Low |
Phonics training vs control (no training or alternative training) Spelling · English‐speaking poor readers Phonics training for English‐speaking poor readers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 158 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adaptive behavior Measured by: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (parent‐reported scale; mean = 100 (SD = 15); higher score equates to better outcomes) · patients with young children (less than six years old) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 202 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Autism symptom severity Measured by: parent‐reported autism symptoms on standardised autism screening and diagnostic instruments (lower scores indicate less severe autism symptoms) · patients with young children (less than six years old) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 81 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse effects Measured by: worsening of adaptive behavior or autism symptom severity · patients with young children (less than six years old) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Intelligence Measured by: standardized IQ tests (mean = 100 (SD = 15); higher scores indicate higher IQ) · patients with young children (less than six years old) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 202 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Communication and language skills: expressive language Measured by: standardized measures of expressive language (higher scores indicate better expressive language skills) · patients with young children (less than six years old) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 165 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Communication and language skills: receptive language Measured by: standardized measures of receptive language (higher scores indicate better receptive language skills) · patients with young children (less than six years old) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 164 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Problem behavior Measured by: standardized parent‐report measures and checklists (lower scores indicate lower levels or less severe problem behavior) · patients with young children (less than six years old) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 67 participants | Very low |
Physical activity intervention vs standard practice School achievement: Average achievement across subjects taught at school · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice School achievement: Reading · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 284 participants | Low |
Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice School achievement: Additional educational support needs · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice Cognitive function: Composite executive functions · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice Cognitive function: Inhibition control · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 110 participants | Low |
Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice Adverse events · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Dietary interventions vs standard practice School achievement: Average achievement across subjects taught at school · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 382 participants | Low |
Dietary interventions vs standard practice School achievement: Mathematics · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 76 participants | Low |
Dietary interventions vs standard practice School achievement: Reading · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Low |
Dietary interventions vs standard practice School achievement: Additional educational support needs · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Dietary interventions vs standard practice Cognitive function: Composite executive function · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Physical activity intervention vs standard practice School achievement: Mathematics · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 255 participants | Moderate |
Dietary interventions vs standard practice Cognitive function: Inhibition control · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Dietary interventions vs standard practice Adverse events · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Physical activity intervention vs standard practice School achievement: Reading · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 308 participants | Moderate |
Physical activity intervention vs standard practice School achievement: Additional educational support needs · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Physical activity intervention vs standard practice Cognitive function: Composite executive functions · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 116 participants | High |
Physical activity intervention vs standard practice Cognitive function: Inhibition control · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 84 participants | Very low |
Physical activity intervention vs standard practice Adverse events · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice School achievement: Average achievement across subjects taught at school · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Low |
Physical activity plus healthy lifestyle education interventions vs standard practice School achievement: Mathematics · Children and adolescents with obesity or overweight Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 384 participants | Very low |