Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,361 questions · 1,518 findings · 352 reviews

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No studies found 73 · 4.8%GRADE not reported 211 · 13.9%Very low 500 · 32.9%Low 411 · 27.1%Moderate 252 · 16.6%High 71 · 4.7%

LipiFlow vs thermostatic devices

Mean change from baseline in meibum quality scores at 1 to 4 weeks (higher is favored) · people with dry eye

LipiFlow showed no clear difference in mean change from baseline in meibum quality scores at 1 to 4 weeks… compared with thermostatic devices (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
SMD 0.11
2 studies · 354 participants
Low

Face‐down positioning vs other positioning

Quality of life assessments at 3 months or later (higher is favored) · people with primary macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachments

It is very uncertain whether face‐down positioning changes quality of life assessments at 3 months or later (higher is favored) compared with other positioning (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Face‐down positioning or posturing after pars plana vitrectomy for macula‐involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachments 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 217 participants
Very low

Serenoa repens vs placebo or no intervention

Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens showed no clear difference in urologic symptom scoreMeasured by IPSS scores (range 0 to 35)Higher… compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 1681 participants
High

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention

Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy showed no clear difference in urologic symptom scoreMeasured by IPSS scores (range 0 to 35)Higher… compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 460 participants
Low

Medically assisted hydration vs placebo

QoL · adults aged 18 years and older receiving palliative care

1 finding from 1 review

Medically assisted hydration for adults receiving palliative care 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 93 participants
Very low

ESWL vs PCNL

Quality of life Assumed MCID: NA · people (>14 years) with kidney stones

1 finding from 1 review

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or retrograde intrarenal… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 78 participants
Low

Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement

Blood lossTime point: mean 48 hours, range 1 to 13 days. Higher blood loss indicates a worse outcome. · people undergoing total knee replacement

1 finding from 1 review

Cryotherapy following total knee replacement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 956 participants
Low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Kujala patellofemoral disorders score Scale from: 0 to 100 (higher scores = better function) · people with lateral patellar dislocation

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes knee and physical functiona Measured using the Kujala patellofemoral… compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 5.73
7 studies · 401 participants
Very low

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy vs control

Pain (medium term): using VAS (range 0 to 10); higher values indicate worse pain · adolescents and adults with acute fractures in tibia and femur

1 finding from 1 review

Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 57 participants
Very low

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

Pain (short term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 20 points (higher is worse pain). · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius, clavicle, scaphoid,…

1 finding from 1 review

Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 148 participants
Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Function in the long term Measured using AOFAS score (0 to 100, higher scores indicate improved function) · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 319 participants
Low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Quality of Life: SF‐36 (physical component) · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 192 participants
Low

Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) with or without pan‐retinal photocoagulation (PRP) vs PRP alone

Visual acuity · proliferative diabetic retinopathy

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for proliferative diabetic retinopathy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 1172 participants
Moderate

CBT vs control

Mood disturbance Profile of mood state (higher score indicates more mood disturbance, score range from 0 to 200) · Women with non‐metastatic breast cancer

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological interventions for women with non‐metastatic breast cancer 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 2276 participants
Low

Exercise therapy vs no treatment

Back‐specific functional status · acute non‐specific LBP

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise therapy for treatment of acute non‐specific low back pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 157 participants
Very low

Hormonal therapy vs placebo or no intervention

Effect on later sexual function · symptomatic or early postmenopausal women1.

4 findings from 1 review

Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 699 participants
Moderate
Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 883 participants
Very low
Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 215 participants
Very low

Show 1 more finding

Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 542 participants
Very low

Hormonal therapy vs placebo or no intervention

Effect on later sexual function · Postmenopausal women

5 findings from 1 review

Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 272 participants
Very low
Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 608 participants
Moderate
Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 104 participants
Very low

Show 2 more findings

Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 105 participants
Very low
Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 1525 participants
Low

SPLINT vs No active treatment (control)

CTS symptoms (Boston CTS questionnaire) ‐ short‐term improvement: < 3 monthsScale: 1 to 5, higher is worse · carpal tunnel syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 306 participants
Low

SPLINT vs No active treatment (control)

CTS symptoms (Boston CTS questionnaire) ‐ long‐term improvement: > 3 monthsScale: 1 to 5, higher is worse · carpal tunnel syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 144 participants
Very low

SPLINT vs No active treatment (control)

Function (Boston CTS questionnaire) ‐ Long‐term improvement: > 3 monthsScale: 1 to 5, higher is worse · carpal tunnel syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 34 participants
Low