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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Invasive infection prior to hospital discharge · very preterm (< 32 weeks' gestation) or very low birth weight (< 1500 g) infants Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [1.15, 1.8] | 7 studies · 872 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo Combined outcome of mortality or BPD at 36 weeks' PMA · preterm infants Late (≥ 7 days) inhaled corticosteroids to reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.74, 1.63] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo Mortality at 36 weeks' PMA · preterm infants Late (≥ 7 days) inhaled corticosteroids to reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.35, 25.78] | 3 studies · 61 participants | Very low |
Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo BPD at 36 weeks' PMA · preterm infants Late (≥ 7 days) inhaled corticosteroids to reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.59, 1.7] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo Open‐label use of systemic corticosteroids · preterm infants Late (≥ 7 days) inhaled corticosteroids to reduce bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.26, 1] | 4 studies · 74 participants | Very low |
Paracetamol vs ibuprofen Failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by post‐treatment ECHO) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.88, 1.18] | 18 studies · 1535 participants | Moderate |
Early paracetamol vs placebo/no intervention Failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (by post‐treatment ECHO) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 | 2 studies · 127 participants | Low |
Early paracetamol vs placebo/no intervention All‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay (by clinical assessment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early paracetamol vs placebo/no intervention Necrotizing enterocolitis during initial hospital stay (by radiological diagnosis) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Late paracetamol vs placebo/no intervention Failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by post‐treatment ECHO) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.72, 1.01] | 1 study · 55 participants | Low |
Late paracetamol vs placebo/no intervention All‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay (by clinical assessment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Late paracetamol vs placebo/no intervention Necrotizing enterocolitis during initial hospital stay (by radiological diagnosis) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.07, 15.76] | 1 study · 55 participants | Low |
Paracetamol plus ibuprofen (oral or IV) vs ibuprofen plus placebo (oral or IV) or no intervention Failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by post‐treatment ECHO) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.43, 1.36] | 2 studies · 111 participants | Low |
Paracetamol plus ibuprofen (oral or IV) vs ibuprofen plus placebo (oral or IV) or no intervention All‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay (by clinical assessment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol plus ibuprofen (oral or IV) vs ibuprofen plus placebo (oral or IV) or no intervention Necrotizing enterocolitis during initial hospital stay (radiological diagnosis) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.45] | 1 study · 24 participants | Low |
Paracetamol vs ibuprofen All‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay(by clinical assessment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.8, 1.48] | 8 studies · 734 participants | Moderate |
Paracetamol vs ibuprofen Necrotizing enterocolitisduring initial hospital stay (by radiological diagnosis) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.87, 1.94] | 10 studies · 1015 participants | Moderate |
Paracetamol vs indomethacin Failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by post‐treatment ECHO) · preterm infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.78, 1.33] | 4 studies · 380 participants | Low |
Paracetamol vs indomethacin All‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay (by clinical assessment) · preterm infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.39, 1.92] | 2 studies · 114 participants | Low |
Paracetamol vs indomethacin Necrotizing enterocolitis during initial hospital stay (by radiological diagnosis) · preterm infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.19, 0.96] | 4 studies · 384 participants | Low |
Prophylactic administration of paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention Failure of PDA closure after first course (assessed by post‐treatment ECHO) · preterm infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.18, 0.42] | 3 studies · 240 participants | Low |
Prophylactic administration of paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention All‐cause mortality during initial hospital stay (by clinical assessment) · preterm infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.24, 1.44] | 3 studies · 240 participants | Low |
Prophylactic administration of paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention Necrotizing enterocolitis during initial hospital stay (by radiological diagnosis) · preterm infants with PDA Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral dextrose gel vs control Correction of hypoglycaemia for each hypoglycaemic event before discharge home (investigator defined) · newborn infants with hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants (2022) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 1.08 [0.98, 1.2] | 1 study · 237 participants | Moderate |
Oral dextrose gel vs control Major neurological disability at age 2 years or olderb Defined as any of the following: legal blindness, sensorineural deafness requiring hearing aids, moderate or severe cerebral palsy, developmental delay/intellectual impairment (defined as deve... · newborn infants with hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.09, 2.47] | 1 study · 185 participants | Low |
Oral dextrose gel vs control Receipt of intravenous treatment for hypoglycaemia before discharge home (for each infant) (yes/no) · newborn infants with hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.46, 1.32] | 2 studies · 312 participants | Very low |
Oral dextrose gel vs control Adverse events (e.g. choking or vomiting at time of administration) before discharge home (yes/no) · newborn infants with hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 237 participants | Low |
Oral dextrose gel vs control Separation from mother for treatment of hypoglycaemia before discharge home (infant nursed in an environment that is not in the same room as the mother, e.g. for NICU admission or the like) · newborn infants with hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.31, 0.93] | 1 study · 237 participants | Moderate |
Oral dextrose gel vs control Exclusive breastfeeding after discharge (WHO 2008 definition (yes/no)) · newborn infants with hypoglycaemia Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of hypoglycaemia in newborn infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [1.01, 1.18] | 1 study · 237 participants | Moderate |
Turning position vs supine under phototherapy Duration of phototherapy (hours) · term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia Periodic change of body position under phototherapy in term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 231 participants | Low |
Turning position vs supine under phototherapy Rate of fall of serum total bilirubin at 24 hours of starting phototherapy (mg/dL/h)b · term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia Periodic change of body position under phototherapy in term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Turning position vs supine under phototherapy Need for exchange transfusion · term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia Periodic change of body position under phototherapy in term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Turning position vs supine under phototherapy Bilirubin‐induced neurological damage (BIND) · term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia Periodic change of body position under phototherapy in term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Turning position vs supine under phototherapy Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) · term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia Periodic change of body position under phototherapy in term and preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cuffed (inflated or not) vs uncuffed endotracheal tubes Postextubation stridor Time of measurement: during initial hospitalization · neonates Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for neonates (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.35, 5.25] | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Cuffed (inflated or not) vs uncuffed endotracheal tubes Postextubation subglottic stenosis Time of measurement: during initial hospitalization · neonates Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for neonates (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Cuffed (inflated or not) vs uncuffed endotracheal tubes Reintubation for stridor or subglottic stenosis Time of measurement: during initial hospitalization · neonates Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for neonates (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.01, 6.49] | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Cuffed (inflated or not) vs uncuffed endotracheal tubes Surgical intervention (e.g. endoscopic balloon dilation, cricoid split, tracheostomy) for stridor or subglottic stenosis Time of measurement: during initial hospitalization · neonates Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for neonates (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Cuffed (inflated or not) vs uncuffed endotracheal tubes Reintubation for any reason · neonates Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for neonates (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.06 [0.01, 0.45] | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Cuffed (inflated or not) vs uncuffed endotracheal tubes Accidental extubation Time of measurement: during initial hospitalization · neonates Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for neonates (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.12, 5.46] | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Cuffed (inflated or not) vs uncuffed endotracheal tubes All‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization · neonates Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for neonates (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.46 [0.1, 58.39] | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Synbiotics vs control Necrotising enterocolitis (before hospital discharge) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants Synbiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 907 participants | Low |
Synbiotics vs control Mortality (all‐cause before hospital discharge) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants Synbiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 925 participants | Low |
Synbiotics vs control Late‐onset Invasive infection (before hospital discharge) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants Synbiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 707 participants | Very low |
Synbiotics vs control Neurodevelopmental impairment (assessed beyond infancy) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants Synbiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mask vs prongs Treatment failure · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.58, 0.9] | 8 studies · 919 participants | Low |
Mask vs prongs All‐cause mortality · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.56, 1.22] | 7 studies · 814 participants | Low |
Mask vs prongs Neurodevelopmental impairment · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mask vs prongs Pneumothorax · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.45, 1.93] | 5 studies · 625 participants | Low |
Mask vs prongs Moderate–severe nasal injury · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.44, 0.71] | 10 studies · 1058 participants | Low |