Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
IPV(3)‐OPV vs IPV(2)‐OPV Persons with protective humoral response ( · preventing poliomyelitis Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.93, 1.03] | 1 study · 137 participants | Moderate |
IPV(3)‐OPV vs IPV(2)‐OPV Neutralising antibodies · preventing poliomyelitis Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
IPV(3)‐OPV vs IPV(2)‐OPV Persons with faecal excretion after OPV challenge · preventing poliomyelitis Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
IPV‐OPV vs OPV Vaccine‐associated paralytic polio (VAPP) cases (Range of · infants Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Low |
IPV(3)‐OPV vs IPV(2)‐OPV Vaccination coverage · preventing poliomyelitis Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
IPV(3)‐OPV vs IPV(2)‐OPV Serious adverse events · preventing poliomyelitis Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
IPV‐OPV vs OPV Persons with protective humoral response (Range of · infants Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.99, 1.01] | 12 studies · 3189 participants | Moderate |
IPV‐OPV vs OPV Neutralising antibodies with 2 IPV doses Geometric mean titres (GMT) (Range of · infants Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 795 participants | Low |
IPV‐OPV vs OPV Persons with polio faecal excretion after OPV challenge (Range of · infants Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.24 [0.7, 7.12] | 2 studies · 916 participants | Low |
IPV‐OPV vs OPV Vaccination coverage ( · infants Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.96, 1.06] | 1 participants | Low |
IPV‐OPV vs OPV Serious adverse events (classified by MedDRA) (Range of · infants Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.46, 1.7] | 4 studies · 1948 participants | Low |
IPV‐OPV vs IPV Paralytic wild polio cases at 4 years (Change level from IPV‐OPV to IPV) · infants Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Very low |
IPV‐OPV vs IPV Vaccine‐associated paralytic polio cases · infants Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Phonologic awareness · children and adolescents with intellectual disability Beginning reading interventions for children and adolescents with intellectual disability (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 178 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Word reading · children and adolescents with intellectual disability Beginning reading interventions for children and adolescents with intellectual disability (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 220 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Decoding · children and adolescents with intellectual disability Beginning reading interventions for children and adolescents with intellectual disability (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 230 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Oral reading fluency · children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities Beginning reading interventions for children and adolescents with intellectual disability (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 84 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Expressive and receptive language · children and adolescents with intellectual disability Beginning reading interventions for children and adolescents with intellectual disability (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 222 participants | Moderate |
Equivalent schedules of intradermal fractional‐dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine vs intramuscular inactivated poliovirus vaccine Paralytic poliomyelitis (not measured) · children Equivalent schedules of intradermal fractional dose versus intramuscular full dose of inactivated polio… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Equivalent schedules of intradermal fractional‐dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine vs intramuscular inactivated poliovirus vaccine Seroconversion rate (after a single primary dose) · children Equivalent schedules of intradermal fractional dose versus intramuscular full dose of inactivated polio… (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.3 [0.22, 0.41] | 6 studies · 2570 participants | Low |
Equivalent schedules of intradermal fractional‐dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine vs intramuscular inactivated poliovirus vaccine Seroconversion rate (after 2 primary doses) · children Equivalent schedules of intradermal fractional dose versus intramuscular full dose of inactivated polio… (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.23 [0.16, 0.33] | 3 studies · 981 participants | Low |
Equivalent schedules of intradermal fractional‐dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine vs intramuscular inactivated poliovirus vaccine Seroconversion rate (after 3 primary doses) · children Equivalent schedules of intradermal fractional dose versus intramuscular full dose of inactivated polio… (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.45 [0.07, 3.15] | 3 studies · 973 participants | Very low |
Equivalent schedules of intradermal fractional‐dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine vs intramuscular inactivated poliovirus vaccine Geometric mean titres · children Equivalent schedules of intradermal fractional dose versus intramuscular full dose of inactivated polio… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 4887 participants | Very low |
Equivalent schedules of intradermal fractional‐dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine vs intramuscular inactivated poliovirus vaccine Vaccine‐related adverse events · children Equivalent schedules of intradermal fractional dose versus intramuscular full dose of inactivated polio… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 4121 participants | Very low |
Video feedback vs no intervention or inactive alternative intervention Parental sensitivity · parent‐child dyads (including foster or adoptive carers), where the child was aged between birth and four years 11… Video feedback for parental sensitivity and attachment security in children under five years (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 studies · 1757 participants | Moderate |
Video feedback vs no intervention or inactive alternative intervention Parental reflective functioning · parent‐child dyads (including foster or adoptive carers), where the child was aged between birth and four years 11… Video feedback for parental sensitivity and attachment security in children under five years (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Video feedback vs no intervention or inactive alternative intervention Attachment security Measured by: Strange Situation Procedure (odds of being securely attached) · parent‐child dyads (including foster or adoptive carers), where the child was aged between birth and four years 11… Video feedback for parental sensitivity and attachment security in children under five years (2019) · Cochrane | OR 3.04 [1.39, 6.67] | 2 studies · 166 participants | Very low |
Video feedback vs no intervention or inactive alternative intervention Attachment security Measured by: Attachment Q‐sort · parent‐child dyads (including foster or adoptive carers), where the child was aged between birth and four years 11… Video feedback for parental sensitivity and attachment security in children under five years (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 131 participants | Very low |
Video feedback vs no intervention or inactive alternative intervention Adverse events: parental stress · parent‐child dyads (including foster or adoptive carers), where the child was aged between birth and four years 11… Video feedback for parental sensitivity and attachment security in children under five years (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 537 participants | Low |
Video feedback vs no intervention or inactive alternative intervention Adverse events: parental anxiety · parent‐child dyads (including foster or adoptive carers), where the child was aged between birth and four years 11… Video feedback for parental sensitivity and attachment security in children under five years (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 311 participants | Very low |
Video feedback vs no intervention or inactive alternative intervention Child behaviour · parent‐child dyads (including foster or adoptive carers), where the child was aged between birth and four years 11… Video feedback for parental sensitivity and attachment security in children under five years (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 119 participants | Very low |
Parent training vs control Change in duration of crying (not reported) · infants with colic Parent training programmes for managing infantile colic (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parent training vs control Crying time at completion Measured in: minutes/day · infants with colic Parent training programmes for managing infantile colic (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 157 participants | Low |
Parent training vs control Adverse effects (not reported) · infants with colic Parent training programmes for managing infantile colic (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prophylactic probiotics vs placebo Occurrence of new cases of colic Measured by: Wessel/Rome III Criteria · infants without colic Probiotics to prevent infantile colic (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.18, 1.19] | 3 studies · 1148 participants | Low |
Prophylactic probiotics vs placebo Adverse effects Measured by: reporting · infants without colic Probiotics to prevent infantile colic (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.14, 7.21] | 6 studies · 1851 participants | Low |
Prophylactic probiotics vs placebo Duration of crying Measured in: minutes per day · infants without colic Probiotics to prevent infantile colic (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 707 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Stunting · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Anaemia Measured as haemoglobin < 10 g/dL Measured at 12, 18 and 24 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.69, 0.9] | 5 studies · 2332 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse effects Defined as deaths, hospitalisations, congenital abnormalities and life‐threatening conditions requiring an immediate hospital visit Assessed at 12 and 18 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.74, 1.01] | 3 studies · 3382 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Stunting · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Moderate stunting Measured as height‐for‐age z score < −2 SD Measured at 12 months and 18 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.82, 0.97] | 3 studies · 2828 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Severe stunting Measured as height‐for‐age z score < −3 SD Measured at 12 months and 18 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.12, 1.42] | 2 studies · 729 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Wasting · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Moderate wasting Measured as weight‐for‐height z score < −2 SD Measured at 12 months and 18 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.65, 0.97] | 2 studies · 2290 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Severe wasting Measured as weight‐for‐height z score < −3 SD Measured at 12 months and 18 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.19, 2.18] | 2 studies · 735 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Underweight · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Moderate underweight Measured as weight‐for‐age z score < −2 SD Measured at 12 months and 18 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.73, 0.91] | 2 studies · 2280 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Moderate stunting Measured as height‐for‐age z score < −2 SD Measured at 12, 18 and 24 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.88, 0.98] | 9 studies · 13372 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Severe underweight Measured as weight‐for‐age z score < −3 SD Measured at 12 months of age · children aged 6 to 23 months Preventive lipid‐based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.67, 2.25] | 1 study · 173 participants | Low |