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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Multidimensional powered toothbrush vs Side to side action powered toothbrush Plaque (level reduction) · People of any age with no reported disability affecting their ability to practise normal self-toothbrushing;… · Short term (1-3 months) Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health (2010) · Cochrane | Analysis 5.1 Plaque < 3 months (Turesky): 3 trials, 236 participants (Goyal 2005; Patters 2005; Zimmer 2005); significant heterogeneity (P < 0.1; I2 = 96%), so no statistical pooling was undertaken. | 3 studies · 236 participants | Ungraded |
Immediate implants (placed just after tooth extraction) vs Immediate-delayed implants (placed within 8 weeks after tooth extraction) Aesthetics assessed by dentist: position of the perimplant tissues · Patients with compromised teeth to be extracted who require single dental implants in fresh postextraction sockets · 2 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | Two years after implant placement there were no implant failures, complications or drop-outs, nor statistically significant differences for the level of the perimplant marginal mucosa in relation to the implant collar… | 1 study · 16 participants | Ungraded |
Powered toothbrushing vs Manual toothbrushing Plaque · Adults with dental implants and healthy peri-implant soft tissues at baseline · 6 weeks Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.10 [-0.66, 0.86] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Sonic toothbrushing vs Manual toothbrushing Plaque · Adults with dental implants and peri-implant mucositis at baseline · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.14 [-0.47, 0.19] | 1 study · 31 participants | Ungraded |
Hypnosis vs Inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen Patient preference / acceptance of treatment · Children aged 10 to 16 years undergoing orthodontic extractions (Braithwaite 2005) Hypnosis for children undergoing dental treatment (2010) · Cochrane | The majority of patients preferred inhalation sedation over hypnosis. (Braithwaite 2005; 10 patients.) | 1 study · 10 participants | Ungraded |
Amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2) mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash Implant failure · Adults with dental implants and healthy peri-implant soft tissues at baseline · 3 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.01, 6.43] | 1 study · 33 participants | Ungraded |
Sufentanil vs Hydromorphone Average pain scores (0-100 VAS) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | Sufentanil vs hydromorphone (Coda 1997): no statistically significant difference; no separate estimate reported | 1 study | Ungraded |
Neutron radiotherapy vs Conventional photon radiotherapy Total mortality · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | HR 1.10 [0.90, 1.34] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) vs Placebo or no treatment Time to heal mucositis (days) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD -1.10 [-3.59, 1.39] | 1 study · 35 participants | Ungraded |
Mechanical debridement plus topical minocycline vs Mechanical debridement plus chlorhexidine gel Change in probing pocket depth · Adults with dental implants and peri-implant mucositis at baseline · 12 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.30 [-0.17, 0.77] | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |
Accelerated/split-course radiotherapy vs Conventional (standard) fractionation radiotherapy Total mortality · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… · 5 years Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.57, 2.43] | 1 study · 147 participants | Ungraded |
Hypnosis vs Inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen Total treatment time · Children aged 10 to 16 years undergoing orthodontic extractions (Braithwaite 2005) Hypnosis for children undergoing dental treatment (2010) · Cochrane | No significant difference in total treatment time between inhalation sedation and hypnorelaxation; hypnorelaxation demanded little additional time to complete care. (Braithwaite 2005.) | 1 study · 10 participants | Ungraded |
Hypnosis vs No hypnosis (no hypnotic intervention) Difference in post-operative anxiety between test and control groups · Children and adolescents up to 16 years of age undergoing dental treatment Hypnosis for children undergoing dental treatment (2010) · Cochrane | Difference in post-operative anxiety was a protocol-planned outcome but was not measured or reported by any included study (no post-operative anxiety scale was reported). | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs Control (treatment as usual) Daily mean opiate intake per hour · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.20 [-4.29, 3.89] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
ANY FAMILY BASED INTERVENTIONS (>5 sessions) vs STANDARD CARE Service utilisation: Hospital admission ‐ at about 12 months · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.63, 0.98] | 9 studies · 532 participants | Low |
ANY FAMILY BASED INTERVENTIONS (>5 sessions) vs STANDARD CARE Global state: Relapse ‐ at about 12 months · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.48, 0.62] | 32 studies · 2981 participants | Low |
ANY FAMILY BASED INTERVENTIONS (>5 sessions) vs STANDARD CARE Compliance: Poor compliance with medication · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.49, 0.73] | 10 studies · 695 participants | Low |
ANY FAMILY BASED INTERVENTIONS (>5 sessions) vs STANDARD CARE Social functioning: Specific ‐ unemployed ‐ at about 1 year · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.89, 1.25] | 5 studies · 285 participants | Low |
ANY FAMILY BASED INTERVENTIONS (>5 sessions) vs STANDARD CARE Social functioning: Specific ‐ unable to live independently ‐ at about 1 year · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.66, 1.03] | 3 studies · 164 participants | Low |
ANY FAMILY BASED INTERVENTIONS (>5 sessions) vs STANDARD CARE Family outcome: Burden ‐ not improved/worse (objective burden related to self‐sufficiency) · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.21, 1.37] | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Treatment failure at 1 month or less · patients with acute otitis media Short‐course antibiotics for acute otitis media (2010) · Cochrane | OR 1.34 [1.15, 1.55] | 16 studies · 5093 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Treatment failure at 8 to 19 days · patients with acute otitis media Short‐course antibiotics for acute otitis media (2010) · Cochrane | OR 1.27 [1.04, 1.55] | 18 studies · 4347 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Treatment failure at 20 to 30 days · patients with acute otitis media Short‐course antibiotics for acute otitis media (2010) · Cochrane | OR 0.98 [0.82, 1.17] | 11 studies · 2708 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Treatment failure at 8 to 19 days · patients with acute otitis media Short‐course antibiotics for acute otitis media (2010) · Cochrane | OR 1.37 [1.15, 1.64] | 11 studies · 3932 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Treatment failure at 20 to 30 days · patients with acute otitis media Short‐course antibiotics for acute otitis media (2010) · Cochrane | OR 1.16 [0.94, 1.42] | 9 studies · 2476 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Treatment failure at 3 months or less · patients with acute otitis media Short‐course antibiotics for acute otitis media (2010) · Cochrane | OR 1.18 [0.98, 1.41] | 7 studies · 2068 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Treatment failure at 90 days · patients with acute otitis media Short‐course antibiotics for acute otitis media (2010) · Cochrane | OR 1.16 [0.65, 2.06] | 2 studies · 207 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Treatment failure at 30 to 45 days · patients with acute otitis media Short‐course antibiotics for acute otitis media (2010) · Cochrane | OR 1.18 [0.97, 1.43] | 5 studies · 1861 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Treatment failure at 1 month or less · patients with acute otitis media Short‐course antibiotics for acute otitis media (2010) · Cochrane | OR 1.07 [0.86, 1.33] | 8 studies · 1709 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Treatment failure at 3 months or less · patients with acute otitis media Short‐course antibiotics for acute otitis media (2010) · Cochrane | OR 0.89 [0.66, 1.21] | 3 studies · 701 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Treatment failure at 1 month or less · patients with acute otitis media Short‐course antibiotics for acute otitis media (2010) · Cochrane | OR 1.02 [0.87, 1.2] | 19 studies · 4354 participants | Ungraded |
Laparoscopic surgery vs diagnostic laparoscopy ongoing pregnancy at 20 weeks or live birth · patients with subfertility associated with endometriosis Laparoscopic surgery for subfertility associated with endometriosis (2010) · Cochrane | OR 1.64 [1.05, 2.57] | 2 studies · 437 participants | Low |
Laparoscopic surgery vs diagnostic laparoscopy pregnancy · patients with subfertility associated with endometriosis Laparoscopic surgery for subfertility associated with endometriosis (2010) · Cochrane | OR 1.66 [1.09, 2.51] | 2 studies · 437 participants | Very low |
Laparoscopic surgery vs diagnostic laparoscopy fetal loss per couple randomised · patients with subfertility associated with endometriosis Laparoscopic surgery for subfertility associated with endometriosis (2010) · Cochrane | OR 1.33 [0.6, 2.94] | 2 studies · 437 participants | Low |
Laparoscopic surgery vs diagnostic laparoscopy operative complications · patients with subfertility associated with endometriosis Laparoscopic surgery for subfertility associated with endometriosis (2010) · Cochrane | OR 2.69 [0.38, 19.3] | 1 study · 341 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Pain (short term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 20 points (higher is worse pain). · Patients with peripheral joint osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1835 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Function (long term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 68 points (higher is worse function). · Patients with knee osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1398 participants | High |
Intervention NR Adverse events · Patients with knee osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Side effects of acupuncture‐Bruising and bleeding at injection site · Patients with knee osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Function (short term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 68 points (higher is worse function). · Patients with peripheral joint osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1767 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Pain (long term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 20 points (higher is worse pain). · Patients with peripheral joint osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1399 participants | High |
Intervention NR Function (long term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 68 points (higher is worse function). · Patients with peripheral joint osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1398 participants | High |
Intervention NR Adverse events · Patients with peripheral joint osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Side effects of acupuncture‐Bruising and bleeding at injection site · Patients with peripheral joint osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Pain (short term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 20 points (higher is worse pain). · Patients with knee osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1773 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Function (short term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 68 points (higher is worse function). · Patients with knee osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1767 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Pain (long term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 20 points (higher is worse pain). · Patients with knee osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1399 participants | High |
Summary of findings: Behavioural treatment vs waiting list control Pain intensity VAS scale (0‐100) short‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 74 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Pain intensity various scales long‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 48 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Functional status (generic) Sickness Impact Profile (0‐136) short‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 61 participants | Low |