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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
759 questions in 57 reviews · Colorectal
current versionsNo studies 91 · 12%Ungraded 12 · 1.6%Very low 209 · 27.5%Low 229 · 30.2%Moderate 160 · 21.1%High 58 · 7.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Change in core temperature for operations > 120 min · Laparoscopic abdominal surgery (core temperature) Heated insufflation with or without humidification for laparoscopic abdominal surgery (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 194 participants | Moderate |
IRI with fluoropyrimidines vs single agent IRI Overall survival (Death) · patients with advanced and/or metastatic colorectal cancer Irinotecan chemotherapy combined with fluoropyrimidines versus irinotecan alone for overall survival and… (2016) · Cochrane | HR 0.91 [0.81, 1.02] | 5 studies · 1728 participants | Low |
IRI with fluoropyrimidines vs single agent IRI Progression‐free survival (Disease progression) · patients with advanced and/or metastatic colorectal cancer Irinotecan chemotherapy combined with fluoropyrimidines versus irinotecan alone for overall survival and… (2016) · Cochrane | HR 0.68 [0.53, 0.83] | 3 studies · 600 participants | Moderate |
IRI with fluoropyrimidines vs single agent IRI Grade 3/4 diarrhea · patients with advanced and/or metastatic colorectal cancer Irinotecan chemotherapy combined with fluoropyrimidines versus irinotecan alone for overall survival and… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.51, 0.85] | 5 studies · 1179 participants | Moderate |
IRI with fluoropyrimidines vs single agent IRI Grade 3/4 nausea · patients with advanced and/or metastatic colorectal cancer Irinotecan chemotherapy combined with fluoropyrimidines versus irinotecan alone for overall survival and… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.07, 1.58] | 3 studies · 209 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Time to first flatus Hours · individuals undergoing abdominal surgery Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 77 studies · 8293 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Time to first bowel movement Hours · individuals undergoing abdominal surgery Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 62 studies · 7283 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Length of hospital stay Days · individuals undergoing abdominal surgery Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 50 studies · 5278 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Time to first bowel sounds Hours · individuals undergoing abdominal surgery Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 23 studies · 3981 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Complications Frequency · individuals undergoing abdominal surgery Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Tolerability of gum Anecdotal evidence, interviews, questionnaires and surveys · individuals undergoing abdominal surgery Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Cost · individuals undergoing abdominal surgery Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy Overall survival (3 years) · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery Combination chemotherapy versus single‐agent chemotherapy during preoperative chemoradiation for resectable… (2015) · Cochrane | HR 0.94 [0.59, 1.48] | 1 study · 598 participants | Very low |
Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy Disease‐free survival (3 years) · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery Combination chemotherapy versus single‐agent chemotherapy during preoperative chemoradiation for resectable… (2015) · Cochrane | HR 0.88 [0.65, 1.18] | 1 study · 598 participants | Very low |
Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy Complete response rate after preoperative chemoradiation (ypCR) · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery Combination chemotherapy versus single‐agent chemotherapy during preoperative chemoradiation for resectable… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.23 [1.04, 1.46] | 4 studies · 3875 participants | High |
Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy Toxicity ‐ early adverse events G3/4 · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery Combination chemotherapy versus single‐agent chemotherapy during preoperative chemoradiation for resectable… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 2.07 [1.31, 3.27] | 4 studies · 3875 participants | Moderate |
Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy Metastases intra‐abdominal · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery Combination chemotherapy versus single‐agent chemotherapy during preoperative chemoradiation for resectable… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.46 [0.21, 1.01] | 3 studies · 2567 participants | Moderate |
Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy Radiotherapy compliance · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery Combination chemotherapy versus single‐agent chemotherapy during preoperative chemoradiation for resectable… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.32 [0.14, 0.75] | 3 studies · 2567 participants | Moderate |
Combination chemotherapy vs single‐agent chemotherapy Chemotherapy compliance · people with resectable stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery Combination chemotherapy versus single‐agent chemotherapy during preoperative chemoradiation for resectable… (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.36 [0.26, 0.52] | 2 studies · 1331 participants | High |
Intervention NR Cecal intubation rate (intention‐to‐treat analysis) · Participants with colonoscopy Water infusion versus air insufflation for colonoscopy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.97, 1.03] | 16 studies · 2933 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adenoma detection rate (endoscopists with all levels of experience) · Participants with colonoscopy Water infusion versus air insufflation for colonoscopy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [1.04, 1.3] | 12 studies · 2457 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adenoma detection rate (experienced endoscopists only) · Participants with colonoscopy Water infusion versus air insufflation for colonoscopy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [1.05, 1.32] | 12 studies · 2200 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Number of adenomas per participant · Participants with colonoscopy Water infusion versus air insufflation for colonoscopy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 902 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotic vs no antibiotic/placebo Surgical wound infection (SWI) · patients undergoing colorectal surgery Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.28, 0.41] | 30 studies · 2455 participants | High |
Combined oral and intravenous vs oral or intravenous alone Surgical wound infection: oral + iv versus iv alone · colorectal surgery Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.43, 0.71] | 15 studies · 2929 participants | High |
Combined oral and intravenous vs oral or intravenous alone Surgical wound infection: combined oral and iv versus oral alone · colorectal surgery Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.35, 0.76] | 9 studies · 1880 participants | High |
Laparoscopic vs open total mesorectal excision Disease‐free survival at 5 years · people with Rectal Cancer Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.02 [0.76, 1.38] | 4 studies · 943 participants | Moderate |
Laparoscopic vs open total mesorectal excision Overall survival at 5 years · people with Rectal Cancer Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.15 [0.87, 1.52] | 4 studies · 987 participants | Moderate |
Laparoscopic vs open total mesorectal excision Local recurrences · people with Rectal Cancer Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.89 [0.57, 1.39] | 8 studies · 1538 participants | Moderate |
Laparoscopic vs open total mesorectal excision Lymph nodes retrieved · people with Rectal Cancer Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 3682 participants | High |
Laparoscopic vs open total mesorectal excision CRM positivity · people with Rectal Cancer Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.99 [0.71, 1.4] | 8 studies · 2313 participants | Moderate |
Laparoscopic vs open total mesorectal excision 30‐day morbidity (total) · people with Rectal Cancer Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.8, 1.1] | 11 studies · 3397 participants | Moderate |
Laparoscopic vs open total mesorectal excision Hospital stay (days) · people with Rectal Cancer Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 3084 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR CRC Mortality ‐ Flexible sigmoidoscopy · Asymptomatic individuals Flexible sigmoidoscopy versus faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer screening in asymptomatic… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0 [0.65, 0.79] | 5 studies · 414744 participants | High |
Intervention NR CRC Mortality ‐ Faecal occult blood testing · Asymptomatic individuals Flexible sigmoidoscopy versus faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer screening in asymptomatic… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0 [0.8, 0.92] | 4 studies · 329642 participants | High |
Intervention NR CRC incidence ‐ Flexible sigmoidoscopy · Asymptomatic individuals Flexible sigmoidoscopy versus faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer screening in asymptomatic… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0 [0.73, 0.9] | 5 studies · 414744 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR CRC incidence ‐ Faecal occult blood testing · Asymptomatic individuals Flexible sigmoidoscopy versus faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer screening in asymptomatic… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0 | 4 studies · 329536 participants | High |
Intervention NR All‐cause Mortality ‐ Flexible sigmoidoscopy · Asymptomatic individuals Flexible sigmoidoscopy versus faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer screening in asymptomatic… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0 [0.95, 1.01] | 4 studies · 364827 participants | High |
Intervention NR All‐cause Mortality ‐ Faecal occult blood testing · Asymptomatic individuals Flexible sigmoidoscopy versus faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer screening in asymptomatic… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1 | 4 studies · 329642 participants | High |
GTN vs Placebo NON ‐ Healing of fissure (persistence or recurrence) · patients with anal fissure Non surgical therapy for anal fissure (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.35 [0.19, 0.65] | 18 studies · 1315 participants | Low |
Any Surgery vs any Medical Therapy NON ‐ Healing (persistence or recurrence) · patients with anal fissure Non surgical therapy for anal fissure (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.11 [0.06, 0.23] | 15 studies · 979 participants | High |
Intervention NR Pain · Patients with haemorrhoids Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.11 [0.01, 1.11] | 2 studies · 190 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Bleeding · Patients with haemorrhoids Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.12 [0.04, 0.37] | 2 studies · 190 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Bleeding post‐haemorrhoidectomy · Patients with haemorrhoids Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.18 [0.06, 0.58] | 2 studies · 314 participants | High |
Intervention NR Pruritus · Patients with haemorrhoids Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.23 [0.07, 0.79] | 2 studies · 176 participants | High |
Intervention NR Discharge or leakage · Patients with haemorrhoids Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.12 [0.04, 0.42] | 2 studies · 139 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Analgesic consumption (day 2) post‐operative · Patients with haemorrhoids Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.54 [0.3, 0.99] | 3 studies · 202 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Overall symptom improvement (positive outcome) · Patients with haemorrhoids Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids (2012) · Cochrane | OR 15.97 [5.97, 42.84] | 5 studies · 368 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Overall five year survival ‐ Colorectal cancer · Patients with outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery Workload and surgeon´s specialty for outcome after colorectal cancer surgery (2012) · Cochrane | HR 0.9 [0.84, 0.95] | 2 studies · 36858 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Permanent stoma rate ‐ Rectal cancer · Patients with outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery Workload and surgeon´s specialty for outcome after colorectal cancer surgery (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.57 [0.35, 0.92] | 2 studies · 7093 participants | Very low |