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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
731 questions in 61 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol
current versionsNo studies 57 · 7.8%Ungraded 39 · 5.3%Very low 186 · 25.4%Low 239 · 32.7%Moderate 171 · 23.4%High 39 · 5.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Combined programmes vs usual curricula Hard drugs use ≥12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.39, 1.9] | 2 studies · 1066 participants | High |
Combined programmes vs usual curricula Any drugs use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.64, 0.89] | 1 study · 6362 participants | High |
Social competence vs usual curricula Marijuana use ≥ 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.74, 1] | 1 study · 2678 participants | High |
Social competence vs usual curricula Hard drug use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.4, 1.18] | 1 study · 2090 participants | Moderate |
Social competence vs usual curricula Hard drugs use ≥ 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1075 participants | High |
Social competence vs usual curricula Any drug use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.14, 0.51] | 2 studies · 2512 participants | Moderate |
Social influence vs usual curricula Marijuana use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.72, 1.07] | 3 studies · 10716 participants | Moderate |
Social influence vs usual curricula Marijuana use ≥ 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.81, 1.13] | 1 study · 5862 participants | Moderate |
Combined programmes vs usual curricula Marijuana use < 12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.59, 1.05] | 3 studies · 8701 participants | Moderate |
Combined programmes vs usual curricula Marijuana use ≥12 months Subjective · primary or secondary school pupils Universal school‐based prevention for illicit drug use (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.69, 0.99] | 6 studies · 26910 participants | Moderate |
Buprenorphine vs clonidine Drop out Number of participants who did not complete the detoxification treatment · patients with opiate dependent adolescents Detoxification treatments for opiate dependent adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.2, 1.04] | 1 study · 36 participants | Moderate |
Buprenorphine vs clonidine Duration and severity of signs and symptoms of withdrawal Adjective rating scale · patients with opiate dependent adolescents Detoxification treatments for opiate dependent adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Moderate |
Buprenorphine vs clonidine Initiation of naltrexone treatment Number of participants initiating naltrexone · patients with opiate dependent adolescents Detoxification treatments for opiate dependent adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 11 [1.58, 76.55] | 1 study · 36 participants | Moderate |
Buprenorphine detox vs buprenorphine maintenance Drop out Number of participants who dropped out from the study · patients with opiate dependent adolescents Detoxification treatments for opiate dependent adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.67 [1.85, 3.86] | 1 study · 152 participants | Low |
Buprenorphine detox vs buprenorphine maintenance Patients with positive urine at the end of treatment Number of participants with urine positive for opiates · patients with opiate dependent adolescents Detoxification treatments for opiate dependent adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.82, 1.28] | 1 study · 152 participants | Low |
Buprenorphine detox vs buprenorphine maintenance Self‐reported use at 12 months · patients with opiate dependent adolescents Detoxification treatments for opiate dependent adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [1.05, 1.76] | 1 study · 152 participants | Low |
Buprenorphine detox vs buprenorphine maintenance Enrolment in addiction treatment at 12 month · patients with opiate dependent adolescents Detoxification treatments for opiate dependent adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.53, 1.07] | 1 study · 152 participants | Low |
Buprenorphine maintenance vs buprenorphine detoxification Drop‐outs Number of participants who did not complete the study Maintenance treatments for opiate ‐dependent adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.26, 0.54] | 1 study · 152 participants | Low |
Buprenorphine maintenance vs buprenorphine detoxification Use of primary substance Patients with positive urine test at the end of treatment Maintenance treatments for opiate ‐dependent adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.78, 1.22] | 1 study · 152 participants | Low |
Buprenorphine maintenance vs buprenorphine detoxification Self reported use at 12‐month Maintenance treatments for opiate ‐dependent adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.57, 0.95] | 1 study · 152 participants | Low |
Buprenorphine maintenance vs buprenorphine detoxification Enrolment in addiction treatment at 12‐month Maintenance treatments for opiate ‐dependent adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.94, 1.88] | 1 study · 152 participants | Low |
Anticonvulsants vs placebo Dropouts · patients with alcohol dependence Anticonvulsants for alcohol dependence (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.74, 1.19] | 16 studies · 1675 participants | Moderate |
Anticonvulsants vs placebo Continuous abstinence · patients with alcohol dependence Anticonvulsants for alcohol dependence (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.97, 1.52] | 634 participants | Moderate |
Anticonvulsants vs placebo Drinks/drinking day · patients with alcohol dependence Anticonvulsants for alcohol dependence (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1126 participants | Moderate |
Anticonvulsants vs placebo Heavy drinking · patients with alcohol dependence Anticonvulsants for alcohol dependence (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 1129 participants | Moderate |
Anticonvulsants vs placebo Adverse events—withdrawn for medical reasons · patients with alcohol dependence Anticonvulsants for alcohol dependence (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.58, 2.56] | 12 studies · 1410 participants | Moderate |
Non‐alcohol commercials vs alcohol commercials Total alcohol consumption in number of glasses · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Alcohol ban vs no ban Delayed age of initiation of alcohol use ‐ not reported · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alcohol ban vs no ban Reduction in alcohol‐related injuries or accidents ‐ not reported · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alcohol ban vs no ban Reduction in individual spending on alcohol ‐ not reported · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alcohol ban vs no ban Loss of revenue from alcohol industry ‐ not reported · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alcohol ban vs no ban Loss of advertising revenue ‐ not reported · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐alcohol commercials vs alcohol commercials Delayed age of initiation of alcohol use ‐ not measured · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐alcohol commercials vs alcohol commercials Reduction in rate of reported risk behaviour ‐ not measured · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐alcohol commercials vs alcohol commercials Reduction in alcohol‐related injuries or accidents ‐ not measured · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐alcohol commercials vs alcohol commercials Reduction in individual spending on alcohol ‐ not measured · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐alcohol commercials vs alcohol commercials Loss of revenue from alcohol industry ‐ not measured · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐alcohol commercials vs alcohol commercials Loss of advertising revenue ‐ not measured · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alcohol ban vs no ban Alcohol consumption: % change in beer consumption · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Very low |
Alcohol ban vs no ban Reduction in rate of reported risk behaviour ‐ not reported · General population Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tapered methadone vs any other treatment Completion of treatment Objective · patients with the management of opioid withdrawal Methadone at tapered doses for the management of opioid withdrawal (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.97, 1.21] | 16 studies · 1381 participants | High |
Tapered methadone vs any other treatment Number of participants abstinent at · patients with the management of opioid withdrawal Methadone at tapered doses for the management of opioid withdrawal (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.7, 1.37] | 3 studies · 386 participants | High |
Magnesium vs placebo or standard care muscle strength dynamometer¹ · people with symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome Magnesium for alcohol withdrawal (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 226 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Amphetamine use (UA) Negative urinalyses across the study · Amphetamine abuse or dependence Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 473 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Sustained abstinence Negative urinalyses for at least 3 consecutive weeks · Amphetamine abuse or dependence Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.84, 1.49] | 6 studies · 559 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Retention to treatment Number of participants who competed treatment · Amphetamine abuse or dependence Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.9, 1.14] | 11 studies · 791 participants | Low |
naltrexone vs placebo or no pharmacological treatments retention and abstinence, all patients · patients with opioid dependence Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.72, 2.82] | 6 studies · 393 participants | Ungraded |
naltrexone vs placebo or no pharmacological treatments abstinence at · patients with opioid dependence Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.8, 2.05] | 3 studies · 116 participants | Ungraded |
naltrexone vs placebo or no pharmacological treatments side effects · patients with opioid dependence Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.54, 3.11] | 4 studies · 159 participants | Ungraded |
Antidepressants vs placebo according to any definition Dropout ‐ Dropouts: excluding studies with high risk of bias objective · patients with cocaine abuse and dependence Antidepressants for cocaine dependence and problematic cocaine use (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.91, 1.12] | 27 studies · 2417 participants | Moderate |