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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Schedules involving more vs fewer home visits Exclusive breastfeeding (last assessment up to 6 weeks) · mothers and infants receiving home visits in the early postpartum period Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [1.01, 1.36] | 2 studies · 960 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs placebo Diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.54, 1.2] | 6 studies · 1440 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs placebo Mortality or morbidity composite · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.36, 1.35] | 2 studies · 623 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs placebo Hypoglycaemia as defined by trialists · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.69, 1.92] | 2 studies · 586 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs placebo Adiposity · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 320 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs placebo Diabetes · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Neurodisability · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre‐eclampsia) · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.85 [1.04, 3.29] | 4 studies · 955 participants | High |
Probiotics vs placebo Caesarean section · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.86, 1.17] | 6 studies · 1520 participants | High |
Probiotics vs placebo Perineal trauma · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Weight gain during pregnancy · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 853 participants | Moderate |
Probiotics vs placebo Postnatal depression · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Development of subsequent diabetes · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Large‐for‐gestational age · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.72, 1.36] | 4 studies · 919 participants | Moderate |
Probiotics vs placebo Perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) · preventing gestational diabetes Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.02] | 3 studies · 709 participants | Low |
NSAID vs placebo Adequate pain relief(4 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.91 [1.64, 2.23] | 10 studies · 1573 participants | Low |
NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol Need for additional analgesia (4 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.27, 1.13] | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol Need for additional analgesia (6 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.12, 0.67] | 1 study · 59 participants | Low |
NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol Maternal drug adverse effects (4 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 210 participants | Ungraded |
NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol Maternal drug adverse effects (6 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.27, 2.08] | 3 studies · 300 participants | Very low |
NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol Neonatal drug adverse effects ‐ not reported · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs placebo Adequate pain relief(6 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.92 [1.69, 2.17] | 17 studies · 2079 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs placebo Need for additional analgesia(4 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.26, 0.58] | 4 studies · 486 participants | Moderate |
NSAID vs placebo Need for additional analgesia (6 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.26, 0.4] | 10 studies · 1012 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs placebo Maternal drug adverse effects(4 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 90 participants | Ungraded |
NSAID vs placebo Maternal drug adverse effects(6 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.71, 2.7] | 13 studies · 1388 participants | Low |
NSAID vs placebo Neonatal drug adverse effects · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol Adequate pain relief (4 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.54 [1.07, 2.22] | 3 studies · 342 participants | Low |
NSAID (single administration, any dose) vs paracetamol Adequate pain relief (6 hours after administration) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.82 [0.61, 5.47] | 2 studies · 99 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR True positives (women with diagnosis of birth weight discordance) Ultrasound for diagnosis of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 1462 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR False negatives (women incorrectly classified as not having diagnosis of birth weight discordance) Ultrasound for diagnosis of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 1462 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR True negatives(women without diagnosis of birth weight discordance) Ultrasound for diagnosis of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 6453 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR False positives(women incorrectly classified as having diagnosis of birth weight discordance) Ultrasound for diagnosis of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 6453 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR True positives (women with diagnosis of birth weight discordance) Ultrasound for diagnosis of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 1679 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR False negatives (women incorrectly classified as not having diagnosis of birth weight discordance) Ultrasound for diagnosis of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 1679 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR True negatives(women without diagnosis of birth weight discordance) Ultrasound for diagnosis of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 4792 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR False positives(women incorrectly classified as having diagnosis of birth weight discordance) Ultrasound for diagnosis of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 4792 participants | Very low |
TTS/EWS vs standard care Maternal death · maternity care Physiological track‐and‐trigger/early warning systems for use in maternity care (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.8 [0.3, 2.11] | 1 study · 536233 participants | Moderate |
TTS/EWS vs standard care Haemorrhage · maternity care Physiological track‐and‐trigger/early warning systems for use in maternity care (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.36 [0.19, 0.69] | 1 study · 700 participants | Low |
TTS/EWS vs standard care Sepsis · maternity care Physiological track‐and‐trigger/early warning systems for use in maternity care (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.21 [0.02, 1.8] | 1 study · 700 participants | Low |
TTS/EWS vs standard care Eclampsia · maternity care Physiological track‐and‐trigger/early warning systems for use in maternity care (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.5 [0.74, 3.03] | 2 studies · 536933 participants | Low |
TTS/EWS vs standard care HELLP count · maternity care Physiological track‐and‐trigger/early warning systems for use in maternity care (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.21 [0.01, 4.4] | 1 study · 700 participants | Very low |
TTS/EWS vs standard care Maternal admission to ICU · maternity care Physiological track‐and‐trigger/early warning systems for use in maternity care (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.78 [0.53, 1.15] | 2 studies · 536933 participants | Moderate |
TTS/EWS vs standard care Perinatal death$ (neonatal death only; all women) · maternity care Physiological track‐and‐trigger/early warning systems for use in maternity care (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.06 [0.62, 1.84] | 1 study · 700 participants | Low |
Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) vs usual care Fear of childbirth · women with fear of childbirth (tocophobia) Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 828 participants | Low |
Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) vs usual care Caesarean section · women with fear of childbirth (tocophobia) Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.55, 0.89] | 5 studies · 557 participants | Moderate |
Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) vs usual care Anxiety ‐ not reported · women with fear of childbirth (tocophobia) Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) vs usual care Depression · women with fear of childbirth (tocophobia) Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 399 participants | Low |
Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) vs usual care Birth preferences: prefer caesarean section · women with fear of childbirth (tocophobia) Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.08, 1.85] | 2 studies · 208 participants | Low |
Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) vs usual care Epidural analgesia during labour · women with fear of childbirth (tocophobia) Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.98, 1.48] | 2 studies · 380 participants | Low |