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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
915 questions in 93 reviews · Emergency and Critical Care
current versionsNo studies 141 · 15.4%Ungraded 22 · 2.4%Very low 216 · 23.6%Low 272 · 29.7%Moderate 188 · 20.5%High 76 · 8.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings for the main comparison: cough augmentation techniques vs no cough augmentation technique Duration of mechanical ventilationb · critically‐ill mechanically‐ventilated adults and children requiring extubation from mechanical ventilation Cough augmentation techniques for extubation or weaning critically ill patients from mechanical ventilation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for the main comparison: cough augmentation techniques vs no cough augmentation technique ICU mortalitya · critically‐ill mechanically‐ventilated adults and children requiring extubation from mechanical ventilation Cough augmentation techniques for extubation or weaning critically ill patients from mechanical ventilation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for the main comparison: cough augmentation techniques vs no cough augmentation technique Adverse events 1. Hypotensionc 2. Hypertensiond 3. Secretion encumbrance resulting in severe hypoxaemia requiring reintubationc · critically‐ill mechanically‐ventilated adults and children requiring extubation from mechanical ventilation Cough augmentation techniques for extubation or weaning critically ill patients from mechanical ventilation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.4 [0.1, 81.3] | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
INO vs control group Overall mortality · critically ill participants with ALI and ARDS Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.9, 1.19] | 13 studies · 1243 participants | Moderate |
INO vs control group Overall mortality at 28 days · critically ill participants with ALI and ARDS Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.92, 1.27] | 9 studies · 1105 participants | Moderate |
INO vs control group Mortality in paediatric population (subgroup) · critically ill participants with ALI and ARDS Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.51, 1.18] | 185 participants | Moderate |
INO vs control group PaO2/FiO2 up to 24 hours · critically ill participants with ALI and ARDS Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults (2016) · Cochrane | MD 15.91 [8.25, 23.56] | 11 studies · 614 participants | Moderate |
INO vs control group Oxygenation index, 24 hours · critically ill participants with ALI and ARDS Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 368 participants | Moderate |
INO vs control group Ventilation‐free days, up to 30 days · critically ill participants with ALI and ARDS Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 804 participants | High |
INO vs control group Renal impairment · critically ill participants with ALI and ARDS Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.59 [1.17, 2.16] | 4 studies · 945 participants | High |
Dopamine vs norepinephrine Total mortalitya · hypotensive shock Vasopressors for hypotensive shock (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.99, 1.16] | 6 studies · 1400 participants | High |
Dopamine vs norepinephrine Arrhythmia < BR/> · hypotensive shock Vasopressors for hypotensive shock (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.33 [1.45, 3.85] | 2 studies · 1931 participants | High |
Terlipressin vs norepinephrine Total mortalitya · hypotensive shock Vasopressors for hypotensive shock (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.69, 1.26] | 7 studies · 231 participants | Very low |
Vasopressin vs norepinephrine Total mortalitya · hypotensive shock Vasopressors for hypotensive shock (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.78, 1.03] | 8 studies · 1108 participants | Moderate |
Phenylephrine vs norepinephrine Total mortalitya · hypotensive shock Vasopressors for hypotensive shock (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.76, 1.55] | 2 studies · 86 participants | Very low |
Epinephrine vs norepinephrine Total mortalitya · hypotensive shock Vasopressors for hypotensive shock (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.63, 1.25] | 1 study · 269 participants | Low |
High‐frequency oscillation vs conventional ventilation Outcomes** · people with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High‐frequency oscillation vs conventional ventilation Mortality (at 30 days or until hospital discharge) · people with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.72, 1.16] | 8 studies · 1779 participants | Very low |
High‐frequency oscillation vs conventional ventilation Mortality (at 6 months) · people with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.58, 1.08] | 1 study · 148 participants | Very low |
High‐frequency oscillation vs conventional ventilation Treatment failure · people with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.48, 0.85] | 6 studies · 956 participants | Very low |
High‐frequency oscillation vs conventional ventilation Duration of mechanical ventilation days. Scale from: 14 to 22 · people with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1142 participants | Very low |
High‐frequency oscillation vs conventional ventilation Barotrauma · people with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.51, 1.32] | 7 studies · 951 participants | Very low |
High‐frequency oscillation vs conventional ventilation Hypotension · people with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.54, 1.9] | 4 studies · 392 participants | Very low |
Untargeted antifungal treatment with any antifungal drug (systemic or nonabsorbable) vs placebo/no antifungal/any other antifungal Total (all‐cause) mortality · preventing fungal infections in non‐neutropenic critically ill patients Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non‐neutropenic critically ill patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.79, 1.09] | 19 studies · 2374 participants | Moderate |
Untargeted antifungal treatment with any antifungal drug (systemic or nonabsorbable) vs placebo/no antifungal/any other antifungal Proven invasive fungal infection · preventing fungal infections in non‐neutropenic critically ill patients Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non‐neutropenic critically ill patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.39, 0.83] | 17 studies · 2024 participants | Low |
Untargeted antifungal treatment with any antifungal drug (systemic or nonabsorbable) vs placebo/no antifungal/any other antifungal Superficial fungal infection · preventing fungal infections in non‐neutropenic critically ill patients Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non‐neutropenic critically ill patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.37, 1.29] | 5 studies · 662 participants | Low |
Untargeted antifungal treatment with any antifungal drug (systemic or nonabsorbable) vs placebo/no antifungal/any other antifungal Fungal colonization · preventing fungal infections in non‐neutropenic critically ill patients Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non‐neutropenic critically ill patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.52, 0.97] | 12 studies · 1030 participants | Low |
Untargeted antifungal treatment with any antifungal drug (systemic or nonabsorbable) vs placebo/no antifungal/any other antifungal Adverse events requiring cessation of study drug(s) · preventing fungal infections in non‐neutropenic critically ill patients Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non‐neutropenic critically ill patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.62, 1.27] | 11 studies · 1691 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mortality · children with critical illness Nutritional support for critically ill children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.32, 5.54] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Sepsis · children with critical illness Nutritional support for critically ill children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.52, 1.26] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Ventilator days · children with critical illness Nutritional support for critically ill children (2016) · Cochrane | MD 2 | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Length of stay (days) · children with critical illness Nutritional support for critically ill children (2016) · Cochrane | MD 0 | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Unexpected adverse events · children with critical illness Nutritional support for critically ill children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.67 [0.77, 9.25] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mortality (subgroup analysis on bias risk) · critically ill participants Antithrombin III for critically ill patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.88, 1.03] | 29 studies · 3882 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Bleeding events · critically ill participants Antithrombin III for critically ill patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.58 [1.35, 1.84] | 11 studies · 3019 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Incidence of respiratory failure not present at admission · critically ill participants Antithrombin III for critically ill patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.76, 1.14] | 6 studies · 2591 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Duration of mechanical ventilation · critically ill participants Antithrombin III for critically ill patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 190 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Length of stay in hospital · critically ill participants Antithrombin III for critically ill patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 202 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mean length of stay in ICU · critically ill participants Antithrombin III for critically ill patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 376 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Overall mortality among patients with severe sepsis & DIC · critically ill participants Antithrombin III for critically ill patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.88, 1.03] | 12 studies · 2858 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR 28‐Day mortality · mechanically ventilated adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Participants were recruited from ICUs… Recruitment manoeuvres for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.74, 1.01] | 5 studies · 1450 participants | Low |
Intervention NR ICU mortality · mechanically ventilated adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Participants were recruited from ICUs… Recruitment manoeuvres for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.97] | 5 studies · 1370 participants | Low |
Intervention NR In‐hospital mortality · mechanically ventilated adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Participants were recruited from ICUs… Recruitment manoeuvres for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.77, 1.01] | 4 studies · 1313 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Rate of barotrauma · mechanically ventilated adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Participants were recruited from ICUs… Recruitment manoeuvres for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.78, 1.51] | 7 studies · 1508 participants | Moderate |
Lateral positioning vs supine immobilization Mortality ‐ not measured · critically ill adult patients Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral positioning vs supine immobilization Morbiditya ‐ not reported · critically ill adult patients Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 85 participants | Ungraded |
Right lateral position vs left lateral position Hypoxaemiaa Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) < 60 mmHg · critically ill adult patients Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 70 participants | Low |
Right lateral position vs left lateral position Hypotensione ‐ not reported · critically ill adult patients Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Right lateral position vs left lateral position Profound hypertensiong ‐ not reported · critically ill adult patients Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Right lateral position vs left lateral position Low oxygen delivery (DO2)h ‐ not reported · critically ill adult patients Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |