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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

973 questions · 1,024 findings · 106 reviews

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No studies found 235 · 22.9%GRADE not reported 59 · 5.8%Very low 207 · 20.2%Low 271 · 26.5%Moderate 177 · 17.3%High 75 · 7.3%

Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment

Hypercalcaemia · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

Vitamin D given to infants showed no clear difference in adverse effects (hypercalcaemia) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Stillbirth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in stillbirth compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm birth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in clinical pre‐eclampsia (random‐effects model) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Intrauterine growth restriction · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in intrauterine growth restriction (various definitions) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in prelabour rupture of fetal membranes ‐ preterm compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Bleeding episodes (placental abruption) · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation leads to lower bleeding episodes (placental abruption) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment

Nutritional rickets ‐ radiological · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D given to lactating mothers changes nutritional rickets ‐ radiological compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment

Hypercalcaemia · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers showed no clear difference in adverse effects (hypercalcaemia) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment

Nutritional rickets ‐ biochemical Alkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphate levels. · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers may leads to lower nutritional rickets ‐ biochemical Alkaline phosphatase, calcium and… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review