What do systematic reviews say?

Non‐TFCBT vs all other therapies

• Psychological therapies for chronic post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 31 participants
  Very low

Trauma‐focused CBT/Exposure therapy vs all other therapies

• Psychological therapies for chronic post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 612 participants
  Very low

Trauma‐focused CBT/Exposure therapy vs all other therapies

It is very uncertain whether trauma‐focused CBT/Exposure therapy changes leaving the study early for any reason compared with other therapies (very low certainty).

• Psychological therapies for chronic post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.39 [1.01, 1.92]
  11 studies · 762 participants
  Very low

Various saliva stimulants (chewable tablet, lozenges, chewing gum, CMC mouthrinse/sprays; 8-arm) vs Saliva substitutes / other products

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No product had a long-term effect on stimulated whole saliva production.
  1 study · 106 participants
  GRADE not reported

CMC spray / aloe vera gel / canola oil spray vs Mucin spray (and between each other)

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No significant difference in patient preference between the treatments (Chi2 3.67, df=3; P = 0.30).
  1 study · 123 participants
  GRADE not reported

Various saliva stimulants (chewable tablet, lozenges, chewing gum, CMC mouthrinse/sprays; 8-arm) vs Saliva substitutes / other products

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Bjornstrom 1990 (8-arm crossover, high risk of bias, 106 enrolled, 55 used all 8 products): all products relieved dry mouth and difficulty talking/swallowing 'to some extent'; V6 chewing gum and Salivin lozenge ranked…
  1 study · 106 participants
  GRADE not reported

CMC spray / HCC spray / HCC gel vs Liquid margarine (and between each other)

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Furumoto 1998 (crossover, n=28, medians/IQR): median day-10 oral dryness (lower = less dry): CMC spray 28.00 (3.06), HCC spray 28.75 (2.23), HCC gel 27.75 (3.62), margarine 29.25 (5.06). Only HCC gel showed a…
  1 study · 28 participants
  GRADE not reported

CMC spray / aloe vera gel / canola oil spray vs Mucin spray (and between each other)

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Momm 2005 (crossover, n=123): all four treatments significantly reduced dryness vs baseline (mean xerostomia score, scale 1 to 6: baseline 4.5 +/- 0.11; post-treatment aloe vera 3.7 +/- 0.11, CMC 3.8 +/- 0.12, canola…
  1 study · 123 participants
  GRADE not reported

CMC spray / HCC spray / HCC gel vs Liquid margarine (and between each other)

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  HCC gel rated better than margarine for convenience, perceived value, minutes of relief and overall rating; no other significant between-group differences.
  1 study · 28 participants
  GRADE not reported

V6 chewing gum / mucin chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Aagaard 1992 (crossover, n=43): approximately 50% of participants had an increase in unstimulated whole saliva from all products; unclear how many completed the trial; no usable data.
  1 study · 43 participants
  GRADE not reported

V6 chewing gum / mucin chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Preference favoured mucin gum (61%) over V6 (21%) and placebo (5%).
  1 study · 43 participants
  GRADE not reported

Pharmacological oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment

• Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 151 participants
  Low

Natural oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment

• Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  13 studies · 962 participants
  Very low

BT vs psychodynamic therapies

BT showed no clear difference in response compared with psychodynamic therapies (low certainty).

• Behavioural therapies versus other psychological therapies for depression 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.24 [0.84, 1.82]
  2 studies · 110 participants
  Low

BT vs psychodynamic therapies

BT showed no clear difference in remission compared with psychodynamic therapies (low certainty).

• Behavioural therapies versus other psychological therapies for depression 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.32 [0.85, 2.06]
  2 studies · 110 participants
  Low

BT vs psychodynamic therapies

• Behavioural therapies versus other psychological therapies for depression 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 93 participants
  Moderate

BT vs psychodynamic therapies

BT showed no clear difference in dropouts for any reason compared with psychodynamic therapies (moderate certainty).

• Behavioural therapies versus other psychological therapies for depression 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.47, 1.7]
  2 studies · 96 participants
  Moderate

HES vs other fluids

HES leads to higher renal Replacement Therapy ‐ Sepsis compared with other fluids (high certainty).

• Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.59 [1.2, 2.1]
  3 studies · 702 participants
  High

HES vs other fluids

HES showed no clear difference in RIFLE (Failure) ‐ Non‐Sepsis compared with other fluids (moderate certainty).

• Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.49 [0.07, 3.73]
  2 studies · 185 participants
  Moderate

HES vs other fluids

HES showed no clear difference in renal Replacement Therapy ‐ Non‐Sepsis compared with other fluids (moderate certainty).

• Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.44 [0.14, 1.38]
  8 studies · 487 participants
  Moderate