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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,105 questions in 84 reviews · Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders
current versionsNo studies 434 · 39.3%Ungraded 32 · 2.9%Very low 246 · 22.3%Low 237 · 21.4%Moderate 132 · 11.9%High 24 · 2.2%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intraoperative neuromonitoring vs visual nerve identification only during thyroidectomy All‐cause mortality (nerves) Intraoperative neuromonitoring versus visual nerve identification for prevention of recurrent laryngeal… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1438 participants | Moderate |
Intraoperative neuromonitoring vs visual nerve identification only during thyroidectomy Socioeconomic effects Intraoperative neuromonitoring versus visual nerve identification for prevention of recurrent laryngeal… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sublingual glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Resolution of symptoms, time to resolution of symptoms · children with hypoglycaemia associated with moderate clinical symptoms of acute malaria or moderate respiratory tract… First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Resolution of hypoglycaemia · healthy volunteers (adults) First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Time to resolution of hypoglycaemia · healthy volunteers (adults) First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Adverse events · healthy volunteers (adults) First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Ease of administration/treatment delay · healthy volunteers (adults) First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral + buccal glucose (dextrose gel) vs oral (swallowed) glucose Resolution of symptoms within 20 minutes · adult patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.12, 1.14] | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Oral + buccal glucose (dextrose gel) vs oral (swallowed) glucose Time to resolution of symptoms · adult patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral + buccal glucose (dextrose gel) vs oral (swallowed) glucose Blood/plasma glucose concentrations at 20 minutes · adult patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Oral + buccal glucose (dextrose gel) vs oral (swallowed) glucose Resolution of hypoglycaemia · adult patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral + buccal glucose (dextrose gel) vs oral (swallowed) glucose Time to resolution of hypoglycaemia · adult patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral + buccal glucose (dextrose gel) vs oral (swallowed) glucose Adverse events · adult patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sublingual glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Blood/plasma glucose concentrations at 20 minutes · children with hypoglycaemia associated with moderate clinical symptoms of acute malaria or moderate respiratory tract… First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Oral + buccal glucose (dextrose gel) vs oral (swallowed) glucose Ease of administration/treatment delay · adult patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sublingual glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Resolution of hypoglycaemia Definition: (a) within 20 minutes (b) within 80 minutes · children with hypoglycaemia associated with moderate clinical symptoms of acute malaria or moderate respiratory tract… First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.91, 1.74] | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Sublingual glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Time to resolution of hypoglycaemia · children with hypoglycaemia associated with moderate clinical symptoms of acute malaria or moderate respiratory tract… First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Sublingual glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Adverse events · children with hypoglycaemia associated with moderate clinical symptoms of acute malaria or moderate respiratory tract… First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Sublingual glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Treatment delay · children with hypoglycaemia associated with moderate clinical symptoms of acute malaria or moderate respiratory tract… First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Resolution of symptoms, time to resolution of symptoms · healthy volunteers (adults) First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Blood/plasma glucose concentrations at 20 minutes · healthy volunteers (adults) First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose Increased blood glucose at 20 minutes · healthy volunteers (adults) First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.07 [0, 0.98] | 1 study · 7 participants | Very low |
Oral vs intramuscular vitamin B12 Serum vitamin B12 levels Normal value: > 300 pg/mL (> 221 pmol/L) Oral vitamin B₁₂ versus intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 153 participants | Low |
Oral vs intramuscular vitamin B12 Clinical signs and symptoms Oral vitamin B₁₂ versus intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral vs intramuscular vitamin B12 Adverse events Oral vitamin B₁₂ versus intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 120 participants | Very low |
Oral vs intramuscular vitamin B12 Health‐related quality of life Oral vitamin B₁₂ versus intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral vs intramuscular vitamin B12 Acceptability Oral vitamin B₁₂ versus intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral vs intramuscular vitamin B12 Socioeconomic effects Oral vitamin B₁₂ versus intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Acarbose vs placebo All‐cause mortality · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.18] | 3 studies · 8069 participants | Very low |
Acarbose vs no intervention Serious adverse events · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acarbose vs no intervention Cardiovascular mortality · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.16, 2.56] | 2 studies · 205 participants | Very low |
Acarbose vs no intervention (a)Non‐fatal myocardial infarction (b)Non‐fatal stroke (c)Congestive heart failure · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.07, 1.41] | 2 studies · 205 participants | Very low |
Acarbose vs no intervention Health‐related quality of life · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acarbose vs no intervention Socioeconomic effects · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acarbose vs placebo Incidence of T2DM · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.75, 0.89] | 3 studies · 8008 participants | Moderate |
Acarbose vs placebo Serious adverse events · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.97, 1.29] | 2 studies · 6625 participants | Low |
Acarbose vs placebo Cardiovascular mortality · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.71, 1.1] | 3 studies · 8069 participants | Very low |
Acarbose vs placebo (a)Non‐fatal myocardial infarction (b)Non‐fatal stroke (c)Congestive heart failure · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.1 [0.02, 0.53] | 2 studies · 1486 participants | Very low |
Acarbose vs placebo Health‐related quality of life · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acarbose vs placebo Socioeconomic effects · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acarbose vs no intervention All‐cause mortality · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 171 participants | Very low |
Acarbose vs no intervention Incidence of T2DM · people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.14, 0.69] | 2 studies · 140 participants | Very low |
Sliding scale insulin vs basal‐bolus insulin All‐cause mortality (N) · non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus Sliding scale insulin for non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus (2018) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.5 [0.05, 4.85] | 4 studies · 602 participants | Low |
Sliding scale insulin vs basal‐bolus insulin Diabetes‐related morbidity · non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus Sliding scale insulin for non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sliding scale insulin vs basal‐bolus insulin Severe hypoglycaemic episodes (N) · non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus Sliding scale insulin for non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.05, 1] | 5 studies · 667 participants | Very low |
Sliding scale insulin vs basal‐bolus insulin Length of hospital stay (days) · non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus Sliding scale insulin for non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 717 participants | Very low |
Sliding scale insulin vs basal‐bolus insulin Adverse events other than hypoglycaemic episodes (postoperative complications, mainly infectious) (N) · non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus Sliding scale insulin for non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.25, 5.37] | 3 studies · 481 participants | Very low |
Sliding scale insulin vs basal‐bolus insulin Mean glucose level (mg/dL (mmol/L)) · non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus Sliding scale insulin for non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 717 participants | Low |
Sliding scale insulin vs basal‐bolus insulin Socioeconomic effects · non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus Sliding scale insulin for non‐critically ill hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laparoscopic retroperitoneal adrenalectomy vs laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy All‐cause mortality Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal tumours in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 164 participants | Low |