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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,105 questions in 84 reviews · Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders
current versionsNo studies 434 · 39.3%Ungraded 32 · 2.9%Very low 246 · 22.3%Low 237 · 21.4%Moderate 132 · 11.9%High 24 · 2.2%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Body weight change (kg) · participants living with overweight or obesity Calcium supplementation for people with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 studies · 1317 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life · participants living with overweight or obesity Calcium supplementation for people with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse events · participants living with overweight or obesity Calcium supplementation for people with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 854 participants | Low |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · participants living with overweight or obesity Calcium supplementation for people with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Morbidity · participants living with overweight or obesity Calcium supplementation for people with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Anthropometric measures other than body weight a) BMI b) Waist circumference c) Fat mass · participants living with overweight or obesity Calcium supplementation for people with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 731 participants | Moderate |
Testosterone vs placebo Erectile function · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 792 participants | Moderate |
Testosterone vs placebo Sexual quality of life · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Testosterone vs placebo Cardiovascular mortality · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Testosterone vs placebo Treatment withdrawal due to adverse events · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.58, 1.86] | 2 studies · 122 participants | Very low |
Testosterone vs placebo Prostate‐related events · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Testosterone vs placebo Lower urinary tract symptoms · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Testosterone vs PDE5I Erectile function · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Testosterone vs PDE5I Sexual quality of life · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Testosterone vs PDE5I Cardiovascular mortality · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Testosterone vs PDE5I Treatment withdrawal due to adverse events · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Testosterone vs PDE5I Prostate‐related events · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Testosterone vs placebo Erectile function · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 2016 participants | Moderate |
Testosterone vs PDE5I Lower urinary tract symptoms · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Testosterone as an add‐on to PDE5I vs PDE5I alone Erectile function (conversion to IIEF‐EF) · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 430 participants | Low |
Testosterone as an add‐on to PDE5I vs PDE5I alone Sexual quality of life · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 282 participants | Low |
Testosterone as an add‐on to PDE5I vs PDE5I alone Cardiovascular mortality · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Testosterone as an add‐on to PDE5I vs PDE5I alone Treatment withdrawal due to adverse events · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.32, 4.91] | 3 studies · 388 participants | Low |
Testosterone as an add‐on to PDE5I vs PDE5I alone Prostate‐related events · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | RR 6.83 [0.84, 55.37] | 3 studies · 373 participants | Very low |
Testosterone as an add‐on to PDE5I vs PDE5I alone Lower urinary tract symptoms · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Testosterone vs placebo Sexual quality of life · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1030 participants | Moderate |
Testosterone vs placebo Sexual quality of life · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 786 participants | Moderate |
Testosterone vs placebo Cardiovascular mortality · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.21, 3.26] | 10 studies · 3525 participants | Moderate |
Testosterone vs placebo Treatment withdrawal due to adverse events · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.56, 1.19] | 12 studies · 2966 participants | Moderate |
Testosterone vs placebo Prostate‐related events: · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [1.08, 2.51] | 10 studies · 3439 participants | Moderate |
Testosterone vs placebo Lower urinary tract symptoms · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1488 participants | Moderate |
Testosterone vs placebo Erectile function · men with sexual dysfunction Testosterone replacement in men with sexual dysfunction (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Surgery alone vs pharmacological therapy alone Disease‐related complications · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery alone vs preoperative pharmacological therapy and surgery Adverse events · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.7, 2.03] | 5 studies · 267 participants | Very low |
Surgery alone vs preoperative pharmacological therapy and surgery All‐cause mortality · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery alone vs preoperative pharmacological therapy and surgery Surgery for recurrent or persistent disease · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.05, 5.06] | 1 study · 61 participants | Very low |
Surgery alone vs preoperative pharmacological therapy and surgery Non‐surgical therapy for recurrent or persistent diseaseRadiation therapy and/or pharmacologic therapy for recurrent or persistent disease · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.65, 2.28] | 2 studies · 100 participants | Very low |
Surgery alone vs preoperative pharmacological therapy and surgery Health‐related quality of life · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery alone vs pharmacological therapy alone Disease recurrence · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery alone vs pharmacological therapy alone Adverse events · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.47] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Surgery alone vs pharmacological therapy alone All‐cause mortality · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery alone vs pharmacological therapy alone Surgery for recurrent or persistent disease · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery alone vs pharmacological therapy alone Non‐surgical therapy for recurrent or persistent disease · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery alone vs pharmacological therapy alone Health‐related quality of life Mean AcroQoL score (0‐100) · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | MD 10 | 1 study · 22 participants | Low |
Surgery alone vs preoperative pharmacological therapy and surgery Disease‐related complications Intubation difficulties requiring postponement of surgery · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.19, 21.34] | 1 study · 98 participants | Very low |
Surgery alone vs preoperative pharmacological therapy and surgery Disease recurrence · adults with growth‐hormone secreting pituitary adenomas Surgical and non‐surgical interventions for primary and salvage treatment of growth hormone‐secreting… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Ungraded |
Smartphone app vs no/minimal intervention Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) · adults Mobile health (m‐health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Smartphone app vs no/minimal intervention Self‐efficacy (for physical activity) (SEPA, score · adults Mobile health (m‐health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Smartphone app vs no/minimal intervention Well‐being(WHO‐5 Well‐Being Index, score · adults Mobile health (m‐health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 149 participants | Moderate |
Smartphone app vs no/minimal intervention Energy intake (EI) (kcal/day) · adults Mobile health (m‐health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 650 participants | Moderate |