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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
731 questions in 61 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol
current versionsNo studies 57 · 7.8%Ungraded 39 · 5.3%Very low 186 · 25.4%Low 239 · 32.7%Moderate 171 · 23.4%High 39 · 5.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Carbamazepine vs tricyclic antidepressant Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Carbamazepine vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 76 participants | Very low |
Carbamazepine vs placebo Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, longest · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Lithium vs placebo Benzodiazepine discontinuation, end of intervention · adults who withdraw from chronic benzodiazepine use Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.86, 1.28] | 1 study · 230 participants | Low |
Antagonist‐adrenergic combination vs adrenergic agonist Peak withdrawal severity ‐ Naltrexone · opioid dependent adults Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 184 participants | Very low |
Antagonist‐adrenergic combination vs adrenergic agonist Peak withdrawal severity ‐ Naloxone · opioid dependent adults Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 91 participants | Very low |
Antagonist‐adrenergic combination vs adrenergic agonist Overall withdrawal severity ‐ Naltrexone · opioid dependent adults Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 256 participants | Very low |
Antagonist‐adrenergic combination vs adrenergic agonist Overall withdrawal severity ‐ Naloxone · opioid dependent adults Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Antagonist‐adrenergic combination vs adrenergic agonist Completion rate ‐ Naltrexone · opioid dependent adults Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 330 participants | Very low |
Antagonist‐adrenergic combination vs adrenergic agonist Completion rate ‐ Naloxone · opioid dependent adults Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 463 participants | Very low |
Buprenorphine vs methadone Mean days in treatment · Adults with opioid dependence Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 82 participants | Low |
Rapid vs slow taper of buprenorphine dose Completion of withdrawal treatment − Outpatient · Adults or adolescents with opioid dependence Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.44, 1.7] | 4 studies · 647 participants | Very low |
Rapid vs slow taper of buprenorphine dose Number abstinent at completion of dose taper − Inpatient · Adults or adolescents with opioid dependence Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.81, 1.23] | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Rapid vs slow taper of buprenorphine dose Number abstinent at completion of dose taper − Outpatient · Adults or adolescents with opioid dependence Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.39, 2.24] | 4 studies · 619 participants | Very low |
Buprenorphine vs methadone Completion of withdrawal treatment · Adults with opioid dependence Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.91, 1.2] | 5 studies · 457 participants | Moderate |
Buprenorphine vs alpha2‐adrenergic agonists Mean peak withdrawal score, · Adults or adolescents with opioid dependence Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 521 participants | Very low |
Buprenorphine vs alpha2‐adrenergic agonists Mean overall withdrawal score, with various methods of assessment · Adults or adolescents with opioid dependence Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 902 participants | Moderate |
Buprenorphine vs alpha2‐adrenergic agonists Mean days in treatment (with varying scheduled duration) · Adults or adolescents with opioid dependence Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | SMD 0.92 [0.57, 1.27] | 4 studies · 558 participants | Moderate |
Buprenorphine vs alpha2‐adrenergic agonists Number experiencing adverse effects · Adults or adolescents with opioid dependence Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.7, 1.26] | 3 studies · 493 participants | Very low |
Buprenorphine vs alpha2‐adrenergic agonists Number with treatment stopped due to adverse effects · Adults or adolescents with opioid dependence Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.04, 1.15] | 3 studies · 134 participants | Low |
Buprenorphine vs alpha2‐adrenergic agonists Number completing withdrawal treatment · Adults or adolescents with opioid dependence Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.59 [1.23, 2.06] | 11 studies · 1264 participants | Moderate |
Rapid vs slow taper of buprenorphine dose Completion of withdrawal treatment − Inpatient · Adults or adolescents with opioid dependence Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.84, 1.18] | 2 studies · 60 participants | Low |
Digital intervention vs no or minimal intervention Quantity of drinking (g/week), based on longest · s Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 41 studies · 19241 participants | Moderate |
Digital intervention vs face‐to‐face intervention Adverse events · s Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Digital intervention vs no or minimal intervention Frequency of drinking (number of days drinking/week), based on longest · s Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 10862 participants | Moderate |
Digital intervention vs no or minimal intervention Frequency of binge drinking (number of binges/week), based on longest · s Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 3587 participants | Moderate |
Digital intervention vs no or minimal intervention Intensity of drinking (g/drinking day), based on longest · s Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 9791 participants | Moderate |
Digital intervention vs no or minimal intervention Adverse events · s Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Digital intervention vs face‐to‐face intervention Quantity of drinking (g/week), based on longest · s Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 390 participants | Low |
Digital intervention vs face‐to‐face intervention Frequency of drinking (number of days drinking/week), based on longest · s Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Digital intervention vs face‐to‐face intervention Frequency of binge drinking (number of binges/week), based on longest · s Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 206 participants | Low |
Digital intervention vs face‐to‐face intervention Intensity of drinking (g/drinking day) · s Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Supervised dosing with a long‐acting medication vs unsupervised consumption Retention ‐ retention at the end of treatment (number of participants) · patients with opioid dependence Supervised dosing with a long‐acting opioid medication in the management of opioid dependence (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.88, 1.12] | 4 studies · 716 participants | Low |
Supervised dosing with a long‐acting medication vs unsupervised consumption Retention ‐ retention at 3 months (number of participants) · patients with opioid dependence Supervised dosing with a long‐acting opioid medication in the management of opioid dependence (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.84, 1.05] | 3 studies · 472 participants | Low |
Supervised dosing with a long‐acting medication vs unsupervised consumption Adverse serious events (any) (number of participants) · patients with opioid dependence Supervised dosing with a long‐acting opioid medication in the management of opioid dependence (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.1, 3.86] | 2 studies · 363 participants | Very low |
Supervised dosing with a long‐acting medication vs unsupervised consumption Abstinence from unsanctioned opioid use (number of participants with urine drug screen or self‐report use) · patients with opioid dependence Supervised dosing with a long‐acting opioid medication in the management of opioid dependence (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 293 participants | Very low |
Supervised dosing with a long‐acting medication vs unsupervised consumption Diversion (number of participants) · patients with opioid dependence Supervised dosing with a long‐acting opioid medication in the management of opioid dependence (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 293 participants | Very low |
Supervised dosing with a long‐acting medication vs unsupervised consumption Frequency of unsanctioned opioid use at the end of the intervention (number of days) · patients with opioid dependence Supervised dosing with a long‐acting opioid medication in the management of opioid dependence (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Supervised dosing with a long‐acting medication vs unsupervised consumption Mortality ‐ (number of participants) · patients with opioid dependence Supervised dosing with a long‐acting opioid medication in the management of opioid dependence (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 230 participants | Low |
Current OST vs no OST HCV incidence adjusted analyses number of HCV seroconversion · people who inject drugs Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.4, 0.63] | 12 studies · 6361 participants | Low |
High NSP coverage vs no/low NSP coverage HCV incidence adjusted analyses number of HCV seroconversion · people who inject drugs Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.39, 1.61] | 5 studies · 3530 participants | Very low |
Combined OST and high NSP vs no OST and low/no NSP HCV incidence adjusted analyses number of HCV seroconversions · people who inject drugs Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 [0.07, 0.89] | 3 studies · 3241 participants | Low |
Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs methadone Participants with severe withdrawal · People undergoing managed opioid withdrawal Alpha₂‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.81, 1.73] | 5 studies · 340 participants | Low |
Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs placebo 1Small number of events. · People undergoing managed opioid withdrawal Alpha₂‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Ungraded |
Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs methadone Peak withdrawal score · People undergoing managed opioid withdrawal Alpha₂‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 263 participants | Moderate |
Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs methadone Overall withdrawal severity · People undergoing managed opioid withdrawal Alpha₂‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 119 participants | Moderate |
Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs methadone Duration of treatment · People undergoing managed opioid withdrawal Alpha₂‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 310 participants | Low |
Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs methadone Number experiencing hypotensive or other adverse effects · People undergoing managed opioid withdrawal Alpha₂‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.92 [1.19, 3.1] | 6 studies · 464 participants | Low |
Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs methadone Drop‐out due to adverse effects · People undergoing managed opioid withdrawal Alpha₂‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal (2016) · Cochrane | RR 3.62 [0.77, 16.94] | 4 studies · 153 participants | Low |
Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs methadone Completion of treatment · People undergoing managed opioid withdrawal Alpha₂‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.69, 1.05] | 9 studies · 659 participants | Low |