Intervention not reported
DAN score at 30 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
NIPS during heel lance Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP 30 s after heel lance (term and preterm infants) Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP 60 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
SpO2 at ‐ sensitivity low risk; selection bias · neonates with mechanical ventilation
1 finding from 1 review
Pain (PIPP) · patients with promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins
1 finding from 1 review
Apnoea/bradycardia occurring 12‐24 hours following completion of operation · Preterm infants requiring surgery for inguinal hernia in early infancy
Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) showed no clear difference in apnoea/bradycardia occurring 12‐24 hours following completion of… compared with general anaesthesia (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Any oxygen desaturation occurring 12‐24 hours following completion of the operation · Preterm infants requiring surgery for inguinal hernia in early infancy
Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) showed no clear difference in any oxygen desaturation occurring 12‐24 hours following completion… compared with general anaesthesia (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality Mortality at latest · preterm or low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
Neurodevelopmental disability · preterm or low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
Hyponatraemia (< 130 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
Hypernatraemia (≥ 150 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants
It is very uncertain whether early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher changes hypernatraemia (≥ 150 mmol/L) compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Postnatal growth failure (weight < 10th percentile) · preterm or low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm or low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
Chronic lung disease · preterm or low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
Rate of weight gain (g/kg/day) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
Necrotising enterocolitis · formula‐fed low birth weight infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Linear growth (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
Growth: head circumference (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review