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What do systematic reviews say?

30 questions · 30 findings · 10 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 12 · 40%GRADE not reported 7 · 23.3%Very low 5 · 16.7%Low 5 · 16.7%Moderate 1 · 3.3%High 0 · 0%

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol

Serious maternal morbidity or death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 464 participants
Very low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Serious maternal morbidity or death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

It is very uncertain whether balloon (Foley or ATAD) changes serious maternal morbidity or death compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.52]
3 studies · 2627 participants
Very low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2

Serious maternal morbidity or death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

It is very uncertain whether balloon (Foley or ATAD) changes serious maternal morbidity or death compared with vaginal prostaglandin E2 (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.12]
4 studies · 1481 participants
Very low

Acupuncture vs sham control

Serious maternal morbidity or death · women in the third trimester for induction of labour.

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture or acupressure for induction of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 364 participants
GRADE not reported

Intracervical PGE₂ vs placebo

Serious maternal morbidity or death · women requiring induction of labour

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo

Serious maternal morbidity or death · women requiring induction of labour

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Vaginal PGE₂ vs placebo or expectant management

Serious maternal morbidity or death · patients with induction of labour at term

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and mechanical interventions for labour induction in outpatient settings 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Vaginal misoprostol vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin

Serious maternal morbidity or death · women with a previous caesarean section

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Foley catheter vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin

Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation, period of gestation…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Double‐balloon catheter vs vaginal PGE2

Serious maternal morbidity or death · women with a previous caesarean section (subgroup of all women in the study) with intact fetal membranes, cephalic position and…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral mifepristone vs Foley catheter

Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women, 40 weeks' gestation, single cephalic presentation, 1 previous low segment caesarean section

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vaginal isosorbide mononitrate vs Foley catheter

Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women with 1 previous lower segment caesarean section at 37 weeks and beyond, with a BS of ≤ 6, intact membranes, reactive…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

80 mL vs Foley catheter

Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women who previously had a lower segment CS and now have a singleton cephalic presentation after at least 36 completed weeks, not…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vaginal PGE2 pessary vs vaginal PGE2

Serious maternal morbidity or death · women with a previous caesarean section, a live singleton fetus (37‐42 weeks of gestation) in cephalic presentation and a reactive…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vaginal PGE2 vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin

Serious maternal morbidity or death · women with one previous lower segment caesarean section and requiring labour induction due to prolonged pregnancy or pre‐eclampsia,…

Vaginal PGE2 showed no clear difference in serious maternal morbidity or death compared with intravenous (IV) oxytocin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3 [0.13, 69.7]
1 study · 42 participants
Low

Nitric oxide donors vs placebo

Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women undergoing cervical ripening and induction of labour

1 finding from 1 review

Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1362 participants
GRADE not reported

PGE2 vs placebo or no treatment

Serious maternal morbidity or death · patients with induction of labour at term

It is very uncertain whether PGE2 changes serious maternal morbidity or death compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.23 [0.34, 14.76]
3 studies · 530 participants
Very low

(4.1) PGE2 gel vs PGE2 tablet (all women)

Serious maternal morbidity or death · patients with induction of labour at term

(4.1) PGE2 gel showed no clear difference in serious maternal morbidity or death compared with PGE2 tablet (all women); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.09]
1 study · 200 participants
GRADE not reported

Amniotic membranes sweeping vs vaginal/intracervical prostaglandins

Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation).

Amniotic membranes sweeping showed no clear difference in maternal death or serious maternal morbidity compared with vaginal/intracervical prostaglandins (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Membrane sweeping for induction of labour 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.27, 3.21]
1 study · 87 participants
Low

Amniotic membranes sweeping vs intravenous oxytocin/amniotomy

Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women carrying a live fetus at or near term (≥ 36 weeks' gestation).

1 finding from 1 review

Membrane sweeping for induction of labour 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 69 participants
Low