Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

23 questions · 23 findings · 11 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 3 · 13%GRADE not reported 2 · 8.7%Very low 11 · 47.8%Low 7 · 30.4%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing a serious adverse event compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs control

Adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all cause or COPD‐related), serious adverse events, mortality · COPD

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single component intervention vs control

Adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all cause or COPD‐related), serious adverse events, mortality · COPD

It is very uncertain whether single component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention

Serious adverse events (N) · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (N) compared with no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Thiazolidinediones vs no intervention

Serious adverse events (number of events) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

It is very uncertain whether thiazolidinediones changes serious adverse events (number of events) compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methylphenidate vs placebo or no intervention

Proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse events · Children and adolescents with ADHD

It is very uncertain whether methylphenidate changes proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse events compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methylphenidate vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse events considered non‐serious (penicillin versus doxycycline) · Children and adolescents with ADHD

It is very uncertain whether methylphenidate changes proportion of participants with one or more adverse events… compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Palliative care vs usual care

Adverse effects: at least one serious adverse event · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo Outcome: withdrawals due to…

Palliative care showed no clear difference in serious adverse events Assessed by: number of participants… compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings. Surgery (percutaneous wire fixation) vs not surgery (cast only)

Serious adverse events (typically more serious complications) ( · children with displaced distal radius fracture with intact or involved or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture)

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings. Surgery (percutaneous wire fixation) changes serious adverse events (typically more serious complications) ( compared with not surgery (cast only) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cyclosporin vs mycophenolate mofetil with pulse dexamethasone

Adverse effects (weeks 0 to 26): serious infection requiring hospitalisation · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children

Cyclosporin showed no clear difference in adverse events (weeks 0 to 26): serious infection requiring… compared with mycophenolate mofetil with pulse dexamethasone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Shock wave lithotripsy vs ureteroscopy with holmium laser or pneumatic lithotripsy

Serious adverse events or complications of treatment

It is very uncertain whether shock wave lithotripsy changes serious adverse events or complications of treatment compared with ureteroscopy with holmium laser or pneumatic lithotripsy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review