What do systematic reviews say?

Summary of findings: ACT vs CQ

Summary of findings: ACT showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with CQ (high certainty).

• Artemisinin‐based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.14, 7.04]
  5 studies · 1775 participants
  High

Summary of findings. Home vs hospital‐clinic removal of casts

• Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 288 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings. Below‐elbow vs above‐elbow cast

• Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 215 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell vs placebo or control

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell showed no clear difference in serious Adverse Events compared with placebo or Control (low certainty).

• Stem cell transplantation for induction of remission in medically refractory Crohn’s disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.22 [0.88, 1.67]
  7 studies · 433 participants
  Low

Vitamin D vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs placebo

• Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 382 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: liposomal bupivacaine vs bupivacaine

• Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration at the surgical site for the management of postoperative pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 583 participants
  Moderate

Immunoglobulin vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ Immunoglobulins showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Immunoglobulin treatment for hospitalised infants and young children with respiratory syncytial virus infection 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.65, 1.79]
  4 studies · 238 participants
  Low

Imiquimod vs cidofovir

Summary of findings for imiquimod showed no clear difference in total serious adverse events compared with cidofovir (moderate certainty).

• Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of usual‐type vulval intraepithelial neoplasia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.26 [0.88, 1.81]
  1 study · 168 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings. Bandage vs cast

• Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 139 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Convalescent plasma vs standard plasma

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Convalescent plasma changes serious adverse events compared with standard plasma (very low certainty).

• Convalescent plasma for people with COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.55, 1.15]
  3 studies · 327 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Convalescent plasma vs placebo or usual care

Summary of findings table ‐ Convalescent plasma showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo or standard care alone (low certainty).

• Convalescent plasma for people with COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.14 [0.66, 1.94]
  1 study · 376 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: insulin detemir vs insulin glargine

Summary of findings: insulin detemir showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (n/N) compared with insulin glargine (low certainty).

• (Ultra‐)long‐acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.72 [0.91, 3.28]
  2 studies · 763 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: insulin detemir vs NPH insulin

Summary of findings: insulin detemir showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (n/N) compared with NPH insulin (moderate certainty).

• (Ultra‐)long‐acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.75, 1.21]
  9 studies · 3332 participants
  Moderate

Antibiotics vs other antibiotics

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics changes non‐serious adverse events compared with other antibiotics (very low certainty).

• Antibiotic prophylaxis for leptospirosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.36, 3.48]
  1 study · 137 participants
  Very low

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics changes non‐serious adverse events compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Antibiotic prophylaxis for leptospirosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 10.13 [2.4, 42.71]
  3 studies · 1909 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Fitusiran prophylaxis vs on‐demand therapy

Summary of findings table ‐ Fitusiran prophylaxis showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with on‐demand therapy (moderate certainty).

• Non‐clotting factor therapies for preventing bleeds in people with congenital hemophilia A or B 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.24, 1.78]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Emicizumab prophylaxis vs on‐demand therapy

Summary of findings table ‐ Emicizumab prophylaxis showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with on‐demand therapy (moderate certainty).

• Non‐clotting factor therapies for preventing bleeds in people with congenital hemophilia A or B 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.32 [0.48, 3.63]
  1 study · 52 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ More time vs less time

Summary of findings table ‐ More time showed no clear difference in serious adverse events/death compared with less time (low certainty).

• The effect of time spent in rehabilitation on activity limitation and impairment after stroke 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.2 [0.51, 2.85]
  2 studies · 379 participants
  Low

Insulin glargine vs NPH insulin

Summary of findings: insulin glargine showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (n/N) compared with NPH insulin (moderate certainty).

• (Ultra‐)long‐acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.63, 1.84]
  8 studies · 2229 participants
  Moderate