What do systematic reviews say?

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 192 participants
  Low

Surgical vs Another surgical treatment modality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs non‐surgical treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgical interventions for symptomatic mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Surgical showed no clear difference in quality of life: EQ‐5D (0: dead to 1: best quality of life) compared with non‐surgical treatment (high certainty).

• Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.01
  6 studies · 502 participants
  High

Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes)

• Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 165 participants
  Very low

Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes)

• Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 62 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs conservative interventions

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures of the middle third of the clavicle 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 321 participants
  Low

Surgical vs radiological treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Surgical portosystemic shunts vs devascularisation with splenectomy

• Surgical portosystemic shunts versus devascularisation procedures for prevention of variceal rebleeding in people with… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 154 participants
  GRADE not reported

Open surgical excision vs eccentric exercises

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgery for patellar tendinopathy (jumper’s knee) 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Surgical portosystemic shunts vs transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)

• Surgical portosystemic shunts versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for variceal haemorrhage in people… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 210 participants
  GRADE not reported

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 122 participants
  Low

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 1595 participants
  Low

PFMT prior to surgical intervention vs surgical intervention alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for urinary… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Therapeutic exercise plus non‐surgical intervention vs non‐surgical treatment

• Therapeutic exercises for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 34 participants
  Low

Varicocele treatment vs non‐surgical, delayed, or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Laxative plus bulking agent vs laxative alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

5‐ASA vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of surgically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

High dose 5‐ASA vs low dose 5‐ASA

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of surgically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

5‐ASA vs purine antimetabolites

It is very uncertain whether 5‐ASA changes health related quality of life compared with purine antimetabolites (very low certainty).

• Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of surgically‐induced remission in Crohn's disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.42 [0.27, 7.46]
  1 study · 35 participants
  Very low