Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

10 questions · 10 findings · 7 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 1 · 10%Low 3 · 30%Moderate 5 · 50%High 1 · 10%

Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care vs placebo or usual care

All‐cause mortality · adults with a confirmed diagnosis of mild COVID‐19, of whom only 10% (219/2132) participants had received ≥ 1 vaccination

Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with standard care (with or without placebo) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.61 [0.22, 1.67]
3 studies · 2132 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs placebo

All‐cause mortality WMD of · Adults (aged 40 or over) with COPD presenting with 1 or more exacerbations in the previous year. The 2 larger studies (Albert 2011; Sethi…

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality WMD of compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.87 [0.66, 1.15]
6 studies · 3309 participants
Moderate

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Mortality (all‐cause) · stable COPD

Triple therapy may leads to lower mortality (all‐cause) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.7 [0.54, 0.9]
4 studies · 15397 participants
Low

Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS

All‐cause mortality · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Regular formoterol and ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with same‐dose ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.25 [0.61, 2.56]
32 studies · 35751 participants
Moderate

Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS

All‐cause mortality · children and adolescents with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular formoterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 4035 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality · adults and children with chronic asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.8 [0.36, 1.78]
41 studies · 27951 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality · adults and children with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 8453 participants
Moderate

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

Mortality (all‐cause) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes mortality (all‐cause) compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.2 [0.02, 1.73]
2 studies · 880 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Mortality, all‐cause · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality, all‐cause (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.9 [0.65, 1.24]
12 studies · 10009 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Mortality, all‐cause · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality, all‐cause (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.99 [0.87, 1.13]
22 studies · 20861 participants
High