What do systematic reviews say?

Pre‐prandial vs post‐prandial glucose monitoring

It is very uncertain whether pre‐prandial changes large‐for‐gestational age compared with post‐prandial glucose monitoring (very low certainty).

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.16 [0.73, 1.85]
  1 study · 61 participants
  Very low

Preconception care vs usual care

• Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and infant health 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in large‐for‐gestational age (low certainty).

• Antenatal dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol for preventing gestational diabetes 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.4 [0.65, 3.02]
  1 study · 234 participants
  Low

Probiotics vs placebo

Probiotics showed no clear difference in large‐for‐gestational age compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.72, 1.36]
  4 studies · 919 participants
  Moderate

Self‐monitoring at home vs hospitalisation

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Automated telemedicine monitoring vs conventional

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Constant CGM vs Intermittent CGM

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Continuous glucose monitoring system vs intermittent glucose monitoring

Continuous glucose monitoring showed no clear difference in large‐for‐gestational age compared with intermittent glucose monitoring (low certainty).

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.84 [0.57, 1.26]
  3 studies · 421 participants
  Low

Self‐monitoring vs a different type of self‐monitoring

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Planned elective birth (induction or caesarean) vs expectant management

Planned elective birth (induction or caesarean) showed no clear difference in large‐for‐gestational age compared with expectant management (low certainty).

• Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and their… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.53 [0.28, 1.02]
  1 study · 425 participants
  Low

Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes)

It is very uncertain whether low‐GI dietary advice changes large‐for‐gestational age compared with moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes) (very low certainty).

• Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.6 [0.19, 1.86]
  3 studies · 777 participants
  Very low

Dietary advice vs standard‐of‐care therapy

• Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs standard‐of‐care therapy

Combined diet and exercise interventions showed no clear difference in large‐for‐gestational age compared with standard care (child) (low certainty).

• Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.81, 1.07]
  11 studies · 5353 participants
  Low

CSII vs MDI: infant outcomes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Myo‐inositol vs placebo

Myo‐inositol showed no clear difference in large‐for‐gestational age compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Dietary supplementation with myo‐inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.36 [0.02, 8.58]
  1 study · 73 participants
  Low

Exercise vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Exercise for pregnant women with gestational diabetes for improving maternal and fetal outcomes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Tape measurement vs clinical palpation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Primary care screening vs secondary care screening

Primary care screening showed no clear difference in large‐for‐gestational age compared with secondary care screening (low certainty).

• Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.37 [0.96, 1.96]
  1 study · 690 participants
  Low

Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening

• Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported