What do systematic reviews say?

Chest physiotherapy vs no chest physiotherapy

Chest physiotherapy showed no clear difference in duration of hospital stay (days) ( compared with no chest physiotherapy (low certainty).

• Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.1
  4 studies · 415 participants
  Low

Drainage vs no drainage after open appendectomy

Drainage showed no clear difference in hospital stay (days) compared with no drainage after open appendectomy (low certainty).

• Abdominal drainage to prevent intra‐peritoneal abscess after appendectomy for complicated appendicitis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 2.17
  3 studies · 298 participants
  Low

Endoscopic stapler vs ligature

• Closure methods of the appendix stump for complications during laparoscopic appendectomy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 327 participants
  Very low

Clips vs ligature

• Closure methods of the appendix stump for complications during laparoscopic appendectomy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 553 participants
  Very low

Endoscopic stapler vs clip

• Closure methods of the appendix stump for complications during laparoscopic appendectomy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Mechanical devices vs ligature

• Closure methods of the appendix stump for complications during laparoscopic appendectomy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 850 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Heated insufflation with or without humidification for laparoscopic abdominal surgery 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 685 participants
  Moderate

Early oral feeding vs delayed oral feeding

• Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 484 participants
  Moderate

Laparoscopic vs open total mesorectal excision

• Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 3084 participants
  Moderate

T‐tube drainage vs primary closure after laparoscopic common bile duct exploration

• T‐tube drainage versus primary closure after laparoscopic common bile duct exploration 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 295 participants
  Very low

Early vs delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy

• Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for uncomplicated biliary colic 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 63 participants
  Very low

Probiotics vs placebo

• Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 235 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Endovascular versus open repair of asymptomatic popliteal artery aneurysm 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Vitamin A for treating measles in children 2005 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 278 participants
  Moderate

Oral stimulation vs usual care

• Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 249 participants
  Very low

Oral stimulation vs non‐oral intervention

• Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 591 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  50 studies · 5278 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Telemedicine for the support of parents of high‐risk newborn infants 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 56 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Airway clearance techniques for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 171 participants
  Low

Targeted individualized vs standard non‐individualized fortification

• Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 75 participants
  Very low