What do systematic reviews say?

Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery vs later commencement

• Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  16 studies · 1346 participants
  Low

Immune‐enhancing supplements (oral or enteral) vs usual care or control

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 688 participants
  Low

Oral nutritional supplements vs usual care or control

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 299 participants
  Low

Preoperative parenteral nutrition vs usual care or control

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 135 participants
  Very low

Preoperative enteral nutrition (standard formula) vs usual care or control

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 126 participants
  Very low

Perioperative restrictive fluid therapy vs goal‐directed fluid therapy

It is very uncertain whether perioperative restrictive fluid therapy changes length of hospital stay (days) compared with goal‐directed fluid therapy (very low certainty).

• Perioperative restrictive versus goal‐directed fluid therapy for adults undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 464 participants
  Very low

Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia

• Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 89 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Preoperative carbohydrate treatment for enhancing recovery after elective surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  19 studies · 1351 participants
  Very low

Any intervention vs control

• Psychological preparation and postoperative outcomes for adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  36 studies · 3313 participants
  Low

Immunonutrition vs usual care

Immunonutrition showed no clear difference in postoperative length of hospital stay (days) compared with standard care (low certainty).

• Immunonutrition for patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 2.5
  10 studies · 757 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs surgery

It is very uncertain whether antibiotics changes length of hospital stay (days) compared with surgery (very low certainty).

• Appendectomy versus antibiotic treatment for acute appendicitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.54 [0.06, 1.01]
  11 studies · 3192 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 1075 participants
  Low

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

• Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  14 studies · 1298 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  50 studies · 5278 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  13 studies · 1156 participants
  Low

Prophylactic corticosteroids vs placebo or no corticosteroids

• Prophylactic corticosteroids for cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  25 studies · 1841 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 271 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 190 participants
  Low

Vaginal hysterectomy vs sacral hysteropexy/cervicopexy (uterine prolapse)

• Surgery for women with apical vaginal prolapse 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 422 participants
  Very low

Sacral colpopexy: laparoscopic vs alternative approach

• Surgery for women with apical vaginal prolapse 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 246 participants
  Low