What do systematic reviews say?

Pre‐dilution vs post‐dilution (as defined by study investigators)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment

Immunosuppressive treatment showed no clear difference in death at final compared with placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment (moderate certainty).

• Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.73 [0.34, 1.59]
  16 studies · 944 participants
  Moderate

Vasopressin receptor antagonists vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether vasopressin receptor antagonists changes death compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Interventions for chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [0.92, 1.33]
  15 studies · 2330 participants
  Very low

Direct antivirals (grazoprevir and elbasvir) vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Synbiotic vs prebiotic

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 129 participants
  Very low

Epoetin theta vs epoetin beta

Epoetin theta showed no clear difference in deaths compared with epoetin beta (low certainty).

• Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.46 [0.29, 20.77]
  1 study · 288 participants
  Low

Epoetin alpha every 2 weeks vs to weekly

Epoetin alpha every 2 weeks showed no clear difference in number of deaths compared with to weekly (low certainty).

• Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.38, 2.07]
  4 studies · 838 participants
  Low

Epoetin alfa every four weeks vs with every two weeks

Epoetin alfa every four weeks showed no clear difference in number of deaths compared with with every two weeks (low certainty).

• Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.33, 2.75]
  3 studies · 724 participants
  Low

Metformin vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether metformin changes all‐cause death ( compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.76, 1.32]
  3 studies · 865 participants
  Very low

Metformin vs active control

Metformin showed no clear difference in all‐cause death ( compared with active control (low certainty).

• Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.63, 1.43]
  3 studies · 5608 participants
  Low

DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

DPP‐4 inhibitors vs insulin glargine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Glitazones and insulin vs placebo and insulin

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I) vs antimetabolites: primary outcomes

Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I) showed no clear difference in death (all causes) compared with antimetabolites: primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

• Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.84, 1.33]
  31 studies · 10482 participants
  Moderate

Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I) vs calcineurin inhibitors (CNI): main outcomes

Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I) showed no clear difference in death (all causes) compared with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI): main outcomes (moderate certainty).

• Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.31 [0.87, 1.98]
  19 studies · 3618 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in death (all causes) (moderate certainty).

• Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.07 [0.64, 1.78]
  9 studies · 1501 participants
  Moderate

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Low showed no clear difference in death (all causes) compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

• Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.63, 1.25]
  13 studies · 3894 participants
  Moderate

Tenckhoff catheter with artificial curve at tunnel tract vs swan‐neck

Tenckhoff catheter with artificial curve at tunnel tract showed no clear difference in death (all causes) compared with swan‐neck (low certainty).

• Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic peritoneal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.74 [0.27, 2.03]
  2 studies · 140 participants
  Low

Vitamin D vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D changes death (all causes) compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.49 [0.03, 9.22]
  3 studies · 232 participants
  Very low