What do systematic reviews say?

Raloxifene vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether raloxifene changes death compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with chronic… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1
  2 studies · 110 participants
  Very low

Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with chronic… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 4973 participants
  Low

Standard interferon vs placebo or control

Standard interferon showed no clear difference in death compared with placebo or control (low certainty).

• Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.06, 13.23]
  5 studies · 134 participants
  Low

Direct antivirals (grazoprevir and elbasvir) vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Statins vs placebo or usual care

Statin therapy leads to lower death compared with placebo or standard of care (high certainty).

• HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.73, 0.96]
  13 studies · 34978 participants
  High

Probiotics vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Synbiotic vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Eculizumab vs placebo or alternative treatment

• Interventions for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  100 participants
  Very low

Ravulizumab vs placebo or alternative treatment

• Interventions for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  58 participants
  Very low

IVIg vs placebo

Intravenous immunoglobulin showed no clear difference in death compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.01, 3.88]
  1 study · 34 participants
  Low

Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo or usual care

Aldosterone antagonists showed no clear difference in death compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

• Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.58 [0.1, 3.5]
  3 studies · 421 participants
  Low

Vasopressin receptor antagonists vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether vasopressin receptor antagonists changes death compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Interventions for chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [0.92, 1.33]
  15 studies · 2330 participants
  Very low

Calcium channel blockers vs placebo/no treatment

Calcium channel blockers showed no clear difference in death compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Antihypertensive treatment for kidney transplant recipients 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.37, 1.82]
  12 studies · 792 participants
  Low

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo/no treatment

ACE inhibitors showed no clear difference in death compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Antihypertensive treatment for kidney transplant recipients 2009 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.07, 14.55]
  1 study · 30 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral protein‐based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment

Immunosuppressive treatment showed no clear difference in death at final compared with placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment (moderate certainty).

• Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.73 [0.34, 1.59]
  16 studies · 944 participants
  Moderate

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids showed no clear difference in death at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (low certainty).

• Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.76 [0.25, 2.3]
  7 studies · 440 participants
  Low

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes death at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

• Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.69 [0.46, 6.14]
  7 studies · 296 participants
  Very low

Antiviral prophylaxis vs placebo or no treatment

Antiviral prophylaxis leads to lower all‐cause death compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

• Antiviral medications for preventing cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.63 [0.43, 0.92]
  17 studies · 1838 participants
  High

Dual therapy (angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors plus angiotensin receptor blockers) vs placebo or no treatment

• Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of diabetic… 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 90 participants
  Low