What do systematic reviews say?

Oral iron vs placebo or no treatment

• Oral iron supplements for children in malaria‐endemic areas 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  18 studies · 7576 participants
  Low

Oral + inhaled dual therapy vs oral monotherapy

• Dual antibiotics for bronchiectasis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral tramadol vs oral morphine

• Tramadol with or without paracetamol (acetaminophen) for cancer pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 280 participants
  Very low

Oral hydromorphone vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Mycophenolate sodium + oral steroids vs oral steroids alone

Mycophenolate sodium + oral steroids showed no clear difference in adverse events: death compared with oral steroids alone (low certainty).

• Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.67 [0.12, 3.84]
  1 study · 116 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term oral antiplatelet therapy vs avoiding antithrombotic therapy

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term oral antiplatelet… showed no clear difference in death compared with avoiding antithrombotic therapy (moderate certainty).

• Antithrombotic treatment after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.76, 1.53]
  1 study · 536 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term therapeutic dose oral anticoagulation vs avoiding anticoagulation

Summary of findings table ‐ Starting long‐term therapeutic dose oral… showed no clear difference in death compared with avoiding anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

• Antithrombotic treatment after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.62, 1.78]
  3 studies · 334 participants
  Moderate

FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) vs placebo

ORAL FLUPHENAZINE showed no clear difference in adverse effects: Death ‐ long termOccurrences of death compared with PLACEBO (low certainty).

• Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.38 [0.1, 55.72]
  1 study · 50 participants
  Low

Patient‐centred outcomes for oral vs IV iron

Patient‐centred outcomes for oral showed no clear difference in death (all causes) compared with IV iron (low certainty).

• Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.64, 1.94]
  11 studies · 1952 participants
  Low

Patient‐centred outcomes for oral vs IV iron

It is very uncertain whether patient‐centred outcomes for oral changes cardiovascular death compared with IV iron (very low certainty).

• Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.71 [0.41, 7.18]
  3 studies · 206 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table for oral immunoglobulin vs control

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table for oral immunoglobulin changes NEC‐related deaths during study period compared with control (very low certainty).

• Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.1 [0.47, 2.59]
  3 studies · 1840 participants
  Very low

Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo (outcomes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral creatine vs placebo

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Moderate

Oral olesoxime vs placebo

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 160 participants
  Moderate

Oral mifepristone vs Foley catheter

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral gabapentin vs placebo

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 84 participants
  Moderate

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids showed no clear difference in death at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (low certainty).

• Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.76 [0.25, 2.3]
  7 studies · 440 participants
  Low

Oral mifepristone vs Foley catheter

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral hydroxyurea vs placebo

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 57 participants
  Moderate

Oral cyclophosphamide vs prednisone or placebo

Oral cyclophosphamide showed no clear difference in adverse events: death (all causes) compared with prednisone or placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.07 [0.19, 5.95]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Low