What do systematic reviews say?

Pegylated (PEG) interferon alpha‐2a vs standard interferon

Pegylated interferon alpha‐2a showed no clear difference in death compared with standard interferon (low certainty).

• Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.81]
  1 study · 50 participants
  Low

Self‐management training vs usual care

• Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 89 participants
  GRADE not reported

Systemic antibiotics alone vs systematic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solution

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance haemodialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Catheter guidewire exchange vs catheter removal and replacement

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance haemodialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus tissue plasminogen activator vs systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus heparin

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance haemodialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Eculizumab vs placebo or alternative treatment

• Interventions for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  100 participants
  Very low

Ravulizumab vs placebo or alternative treatment

• Interventions for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  58 participants
  Very low

Raloxifene vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether raloxifene changes death compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with chronic… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1
  2 studies · 110 participants
  Very low

Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with chronic… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 4973 participants
  Low

IVIg vs placebo

Intravenous immunoglobulin showed no clear difference in death compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.01, 3.88]
  1 study · 34 participants
  Low

Azathioprine vs methotrexate

Azathioprine may leads to lower death compared with methotrexate (low certainty).

• Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33
  1 study · 126 participants
  Low

Leflunomide vs methotrexate

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Motivational interviewing vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether motivational interviewing changes death compared with standard care (very low certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.07, 15.73]
  1 study · 49 participants
  Very low

Vasopressin receptor antagonists vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether vasopressin receptor antagonists changes death compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Interventions for chronic non‐hypovolaemic hypotonic hyponatraemia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [0.92, 1.33]
  15 studies · 2330 participants
  Very low

Dietary modifications (counselling or dietary change) vs control

• Dietary interventions for adults with chronic kidney disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 539 participants
  Very low

Memantine vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Donepezil vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Computer‐based diabetes self‐management interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  16 studies · 3578 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in death ( (moderate certainty).

• Recombinant factor VIIa for the prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients without haemophilia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.55, 1.97]
  15 studies · 1219 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in death ( (moderate certainty).

• Recombinant factor VIIa for the prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients without haemophilia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.78, 1.06]
  13 studies · 2856 participants
  Moderate