Case notes probably leads to higher caesarean section compared with control (moderate certainty).
Routine fetal movement counting showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with mixed or undefined fetal movement counting (low certainty).
Traditional antenatal CTG showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) (low certainty).
Computerised antenatal CTG showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether tape measurement changes caesarean section compared with clinical palpation (very low certainty).
Planned early delivery showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with expectant management (low certainty).
(7.1) PGE2 (controlled release) showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with all PGE2 delivery systems (all women) (moderate certainty).
PGE2 showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).
(4.1) PGE2 gel showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with PGE2 tablet (all women) (high certainty).
Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with late initiation (high certainty).
Monitoring of contractions with internal tocodynamometry showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with external tocodynamometry (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether pre‐mixed insulin (70 NPH/30 REG) changes caesarean section 4 compared with self‐mixed split dose insulin (Different insulin regimens with… (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether insulin injected with a Novolin pen changes caesarean section 4 compared with insulin injected with a needle or syringe (Different insulin… (very low certainty).
Fetal growth (biometry) + umbilical artery Doppler showed no clear difference in caesarean section (any) compared with fetal growth (high certainty).
One‐to‐one structured care showed no clear difference in rate of caesarean section compared with usual care (high certainty).
It is very uncertain whether assessment changes rate of caesarean section compared with direct admission (very low certainty).
Home support showed no clear difference in rate of caesarean section compared with telephone triage (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether partograph changes caesarean section (overall) compared with no partograph (studies carried out (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether regional analgesia (with tocolysis) changes caesarean section (primary) compared with no intervention of regional analgesia (with or without tocolysis) (very low certainty).
Beta stimulant probably leads to lower caesarean section (primary) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).