What do systematic reviews say?

Warfarin vs aspirin

Summary of findings: warfarin showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with aspirin (moderate certainty).

• Antiplatelet versus anticoagulation treatment for patients with heart failure in sinus rhythm 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.89, 1.13]
  4 studies · 3663 participants
  Moderate

Warfarin vs clopidogrel

Summary of findings: warfarin showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with clopidogrel (low certainty).

• Antiplatelet versus anticoagulation treatment for patients with heart failure in sinus rhythm 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.72, 1.21]
  1 study · 1064 participants
  Low

Fluoxetine vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluoxetine for adults who are overweight or obese 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: insulin detemir vs NPH insulin

• (Ultra‐)long‐acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  4.97 [0.79, 31.38]
  9 studies · 3334 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings: insulin detemir vs insulin glargine

• (Ultra‐)long‐acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 763 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: insulin degludec vs insulin detemir

• (Ultra‐)long‐acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 802 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: insulin degludec vs insulin glargine

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: insulin degludec changes all‐cause mortality compared with insulin glargine (very low certainty).

• (Ultra‐)long‐acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Peto OR 1.34 [0.15, 11.93]
  3 studies · 973 participants
  Very low

Insulin glargine vs NPH insulin

• (Ultra‐)long‐acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  0.14 [0, 6.98]
  8 studies · 2175 participants
  Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

• Antibiotic prophylaxis for leptospirosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.15 [0.01, 2.83]
  1 study · 782 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.57 [0.65, 3.79]
  3 studies · 367 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.64 [0.37, 1.1]
  5 studies · 1558 participants
  Moderate

Metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: Comparison 3 ‐ deferiprone (DFP) vs deferoxamine

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Comparison 1 ‐ deferiprone (DFP) changes all‐cause mortality compared with deferoxamine (DFO) (very low certainty).

• Interventions for improving adherence to iron chelation therapy in people with sickle cell disease or thalassaemia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.47 [0.18, 1.21]
  3 studies · 376 participants
  Very low

Deferasirox vs deferiprone (DFO)

• Interventions for improving adherence to iron chelation therapy in people with sickle cell disease or thalassaemia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  0.96 [0.06, 15.42]
  2 studies · 240 participants
  Very low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with standard treatment following a severe exacerbation (low certainty).

• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.97 [0.74, 1.28]
  2 studies · 318 participants
  Low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation probably leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with standard treatment (moderate certainty).

• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.75 [0.58, 0.97]
  3 studies · 405 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  2.38 [0.54, 10.5]
  4 studies · 1156 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy changes all‐cause mortality (N) compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.38, 1.91]
  3 studies · 866 participants
  Very low