What do systematic reviews say?

Anakinra vs placebo or usual care

Anakinra showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality D28 compared with standard care/placebo (low certainty).

• Interleukin‐1 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.69 [0.34, 1.39]
  2 studies · 722 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  2.38 [0.54, 10.5]
  4 studies · 1156 participants
  Very low

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (RR) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Beta‐blockers and inhibitors of the renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.04 [0.75, 1.45]
  5 studies · 1187 participants
  Moderate

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) vs placebo or no treatment

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (RR) compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

• Beta‐blockers and inhibitors of the renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.92, 1.11]
  4 studies · 7964 participants
  High

Beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment

Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (RR) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Beta‐blockers and inhibitors of the renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.67, 1]
  4 studies · 1105 participants
  Low

Sildenafil vs IV nitroglycerin

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 23 participants
  Low

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Proton pump inhibitors showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with placebo or no prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.6, 1.99]
  3 studies · 258 participants
  Low

Antacids vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Antacids showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with placebo or no prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.53, 1.96]
  2 studies · 300 participants
  Low

Sucralfate vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Sucralfate showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with placebo or no prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.66, 1.43]
  5 studies · 500 participants
  Low

Interventions vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Interventions showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with placebo or no prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.1 [0.9, 1.34]
  19 studies · 2159 participants
  Low

H2 receptor antagonists vs placebo or no prophylaxis

H2 receptor antagonists showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality in ICU compared with placebo or no prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people admitted to intensive care units 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.88, 1.42]
  14 studies · 1428 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs placebo

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality WMD of compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.87 [0.66, 1.15]
  6 studies · 3309 participants
  Moderate

Montelukast vs placebo

Montelukast showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality Deaths compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

• Leukotriene inhibitors for bronchiolitis in infants and young children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.51 [0.12, 52.16]
  1 study · 952 participants
  GRADE not reported

Corticosteroids vs placebo or usual care

Corticosteroids probably leads to lower 28‐Day all‐cause mortalitya compared with placebo or usual care (moderate certainty).

• Corticosteroids for treating sepsis in children and adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.84, 0.99]
  50 studies · 11233 participants
  Moderate

Untargeted antifungal treatment with any antifungal drug (systemic or nonabsorbable) vs Placebo, no treatment, or another active antifungal intervention

Untargeted antifungal treatment with any antifungal drug (systemic… showed no clear difference in total (all‐cause) mortality compared with placebo/no antifungal/any other antifungal (moderate certainty).

• Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non‐neutropenic critically ill patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.79, 1.09]
  19 studies · 2374 participants
  Moderate

Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide plus usual care vs placebo or usual care

Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide plus usual care may leads to lower all‐cause mortality at final compared with usual care (with or without placebo) (low certainty).

• Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide for oral paraquat poisoning 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82
  2 studies · 322 participants
  Low
• Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide for oral paraquat poisoning 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.85, 1.13]
  1 study · 293 participants
  Low

Oxytocin vs no uterotonics or placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Cyclophosphamide vs placebo

Cyclophosphamide showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality 12‐month compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.94 [0.19, 4.77]
  2 studies · 179 participants
  Low

Hyperimmune immunoglobulin from human plasma vs saline placebo

Hyperimmune immunoglobulin from human plasma showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality at day 28 compared with saline placebo (low certainty).

• Hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID‐19 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.43, 1.44]
  Studies not reported
  Low

Bamlanivimab vs placebo

Bamlanivimab showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality by day 60 compared with placebo (low certainty).

• SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.25, 2.7]
  1 study · 966 participants
  Low