Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

73 questions · 73 findings · 32 reviews · Airways

No studies found 8 · 11%GRADE not reported 5 · 6.8%Very low 8 · 11%Low 16 · 21.9%Moderate 25 · 34.2%High 11 · 15.1%

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Side effects or other adverse events · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in adverse events/side effects compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review