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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,199 questions · 1,226 findings · 451 reviews

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No studies found 289 · 23.6%GRADE not reported 121 · 9.9%Very low 350 · 28.5%Low 279 · 22.8%Moderate 139 · 11.3%High 48 · 3.9%

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events: malignancy · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether oral alkylating agents ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ malignancy at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic acid) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Side effects or other adverse events · People with haemophilia (A or B) undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic… showed no clear difference in side effects or other adverse events compared with placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events ‐ infection at 3 years · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether oral alkylating agents ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ infection at 3 years compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A vs placebo

Adverse events: yellowing of the skin · healthy people and healthy male physicians

Vitamin A leads to higher adverse events: yellowing of the skin compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review