What do systematic reviews say?

Zinc chloride + sodium fluoride dentifrice vs Sodium fluoride (control) toothpaste

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Payne 2011 reported 19 non-oral and 12 oral adverse effects. The oral effects were tingling sensation in lips, dry mouth or sore gums.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Buccal glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Sublingual glucose vs oral (swallowed) glucose

• First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 42 participants
  Very low

Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  Adverse events reported by Borden 2002 were not related to the interventions.
  1 study · 47 participants
  GRADE not reported

Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping)

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  1 week
  Wirthlin 2011 reported altered taste sensation as the adverse event. OLT scores could not be included in the analysis as the group-wise data were not given.
  1 study · 22 participants
  GRADE not reported

0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 4 weeks
  Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Sodium bicarbonate toothpaste vs Control toothpaste (without sodium bicarbonate)

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 weeks
  Adverse events reported by Lomax 2017 were not related to the interventions.
  1 study · 148 participants
  GRADE not reported

Toothbrushing + 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Toothbrushing alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 3 weeks
  Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Essential oil mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  Adverse events reported by Borden 2002 were not related to the interventions.
  1 study · 45 participants
  GRADE not reported

Triclosan/copolymer-containing fluoride toothpaste vs Sodium fluoride (control) toothpaste

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 1 week
  Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Acupuncture vs oral corticosteroid

It is very uncertain whether acupuncture changes adverse events compared with oral corticosteroid (very low certainty).

• Acupuncture and related interventions for the treatment of symptoms associated with carpal tunnel syndrome 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.29 [0.06, 1.32]
  1 study · 77 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings: punctal plugs vs pilocarpine

• Punctal occlusion for dry eye syndrome 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 15 participants
  Low

Breastfeeding vs other interventions, oral water, or no treatment

• Breastfeeding for procedural pain in infants beyond the neonatal period 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Antibiotic eardrops (with or without a corticosteroid) vs oral antibiotics

Antibiotic eardrops (with or without a corticosteroid) showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with oral antibiotics (low certainty).

• Interventions for children with ear discharge occurring at least two weeks following grommet (ventilation tube)… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.37 [0.12, 1.09]
  3 studies · 705 participants
  Low

Micro-invasive treatment (proximal sealing or resin infiltration): resin sealant, glass ionomer sealant, polyurethane/adhesive patch, or resin infiltration vs Non-invasive / control treatment

• Micro‐invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  1 to 3 years
  The four studies that measured adverse events reported no adverse events after micro-invasive treatment (no events in either arm)
  4 studies
  GRADE not reported

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation + other intervention (e.g. exercise) vs other intervention alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for patellofemoral pain syndrome 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic acid) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic… showed no clear difference in side effects or other adverse events compared with placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo) (low certainty).

• Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in patients with haemophilia or Von Willebrand disease… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Up to 10 days postoperative
  RD 0.034 [-0.32, 0.38]
  2 studies · 59 participants
  Low

Syrup of ipecac vs no intervention

Syrup of ipecac may leads to higher incidence of adverse events: diarrhoea compared with no intervention (low certainty).

• First aid interventions by laypeople for acute oral poisoning 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.08 [1.66, 10.04]
  1 study · 103 participants
  Low

Elective neck dissection (at time of primary tumour resection) vs Therapeutic (delayed) neck dissection

Elective neck dissection (at time of primary tumour resection) probably leads to higher adverse events associated with treatment compared with therapeutic (delayed) neck dissection (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.31 [1.11, 1.54]
  2 studies · 746 participants
  Moderate