What do systematic reviews say?

Oral vs topical antibiotics

• Antibiotics for trachoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 1583 participants
  Low

Oral vs intra‐vaginal antifungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis

• Oral versus intra‐vaginal imidazole and triazole anti‐fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  23 studies · 4637 participants
  High

Oral beta‐estradiol vs placebo

• Bioidentical hormones for women with vasomotor symptoms 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 433 participants
  Low

Statin plus oral contraceptive pill vs oral contraceptive pill (OCP)

• Statins for women with polycystic ovary syndrome not actively trying to conceive 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2006 participants
  GRADE not reported

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids may leads to lower adverse effects: acne compared with oral steroids alone (low certainty).

• Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.15 [0.03, 0.67]
  4 studies · 270 participants
  Low

Oral plus nebulised antibiotics vs oral antibiotics plus nebulised placebo

Oral plus nebulised antibiotics showed no clear difference in adverse effects of treatment compared with oral antibiotics plus nebulised placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for the eradication of meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in people with cystic fibrosis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 3 [0.11, 79.91]
  1 study · 29 participants
  Low

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids showed no clear difference in adverse effects: hypertension compared with oral steroids alone (low certainty).

• Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.23, 3.2]
  3 studies · 219 participants
  Low

Oral azithromycin vs control

• Antibiotics for trachoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 3069 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral azithromycin vs topical tetracycline

• Antibiotics for trachoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 6002 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral methotrexate and oral prednisone vs prednisone or placebo

Oral methotrexate and oral prednisone showed no clear difference in primary outcome: Adverse effects compared with placebo and oral prednisone (low certainty).

• Interventions for morphea 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.23 [0.75, 2.04]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Low

Oral steroids vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether oral steroids changes adverse event: systemic corticosteroid side effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Oral steroids vs no treatment

• Topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids showed no clear difference in adverse effects: diabetes or hyperglycaemia compared with oral steroids alone (low certainty).

• Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.48 [0.19, 1.25]
  7 studies · 450 participants
  Low

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone

Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids may leads to lower adverse effects: obesity or Cushing's Syndrome compared with oral steroids alone (low certainty).

• Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.11 [0.02, 0.59]
  5 studies · 388 participants
  Low

Oral nutritional supplements vs usual care or control

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 373 participants
  GRADE not reported

FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) vs placebo

ORAL FLUPHENAZINE showed no clear difference in adverse effects: Death ‐ long termOccurrences of death compared with PLACEBO (low certainty).

• Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.38 [0.1, 55.72]
  1 study · 50 participants
  Low

Oral steroids vs control

• Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 143 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

• Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 59 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral ciprofloxacin and inhaled colistin vs inhaled tobramycin (TNS) plus oral ciprofloxacin

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 223 participants
  Moderate

Natural oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment

• Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 10 participants
  Very low