What do systematic reviews say?

BENZODIAZEPINES AS SOLE TREATMENT vs placebo

• Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 161 participants
  Very low

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

It is very uncertain whether ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes leaving the study early due to adverse effects (overall tolerability… compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

• Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.24 [0.68, 15.45]
  6 studies · 415 participants
  Very low

Postnatal prophylaxis: LMWH vs no treatment/placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Heparin prophylaxis vs no treatment/placebo

It is very uncertain whether antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: heparin (LMWH or UFH) changes adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment compared with no treatment/placebo (very low certainty).

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.49 [0.05, 5.31]
  1 study · 139 participants
  Very low

VIDEO GAMES (COMMERCIAL NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs COGNITIVE REMEDIATION (plus standard care)

VIDEO GAMES (COMMERCIAL NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) showed no clear difference in adverse effects*: leaving the study early ‐ did not leave ‐ by end… compared with COGNITIVE REMEDIATION (plus standard care) (low certainty).

• Video games for people with schizophrenia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.87, 1.06]
  5 studies · 395 participants
  Low

Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics

It is very uncertain whether BENZODIAZEPINES changes leaving the study early due to adverse effects (overall tolerability… compared with ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

• Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 13 [0.78, 216.39]
  5 studies · 444 participants
  Very low

Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams vs standard SEI teams plus treatment

Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams showed no clear difference in adverse effects/events: death ‐ all‐cause mortality(assessed by… compared with standard SEI teams plus treatment (low certainty).

• Specialised early intervention teams (extended time) for recent‐onset psychosis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.38 [0.09, 1.64]
  3 studies · 780 participants
  Low

LMWH prophylaxis vs UFH

It is very uncertain whether antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: LMWH changes adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment compared with UFH (very low certainty).

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.07 [0.01, 0.54]
  2 studies · 226 participants
  Very low

Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis: UFH vs no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 140 participants
  Very low

TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS changes adverse effects: Leaving the study early compared with STANDARD TREATMENT (very low certainty).

• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.08, 1.46]
  2 studies · 140 participants
  Very low

Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): LMWH vs UFH

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Chlorhexidine (vaginal wash or gel/cream) vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether chlorhexidine (vaginal wash or gel/cream) changes adverse (mild) effects in the mother compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early‐onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 8.5 [1.6, 45.28]
  3 studies · 1066 participants
  Very low

Chlorhexidine (vaginal wash or gel/cream) vs placebo or no treatment

• Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early‐onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 1066 participants
  GRADE not reported

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

ICS showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ nausea/vomiting compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.32 [0.03, 3.18]
  1 study · 94 participants
  Low