What do systematic reviews say?

BENZODIAZEPINES AS SOLE TREATMENT vs placebo

• Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 161 participants
  Very low

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

It is very uncertain whether ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes leaving the study early due to adverse effects (overall tolerability… compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

• Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.24 [0.68, 15.45]
  6 studies · 415 participants
  Very low

Postnatal prophylaxis: LMWH vs no treatment/placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Heparin prophylaxis vs no treatment/placebo

It is very uncertain whether antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: heparin (LMWH or UFH) changes adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment compared with no treatment/placebo (very low certainty).

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.49 [0.05, 5.31]
  1 study · 139 participants
  Very low

VIDEO GAMES (COMMERCIAL NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs COGNITIVE REMEDIATION (plus standard care)

VIDEO GAMES (COMMERCIAL NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) showed no clear difference in adverse effects*: leaving the study early ‐ did not leave ‐ by end… compared with COGNITIVE REMEDIATION (plus standard care) (low certainty).

• Video games for people with schizophrenia 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.87, 1.06]
  5 studies · 395 participants
  Low

Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics

It is very uncertain whether BENZODIAZEPINES changes leaving the study early due to adverse effects (overall tolerability… compared with ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

• Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 13 [0.78, 216.39]
  5 studies · 444 participants
  Very low

Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams vs standard SEI teams plus treatment

Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams showed no clear difference in adverse effects/events: death ‐ all‐cause mortality(assessed by… compared with standard SEI teams plus treatment (low certainty).

• Specialised early intervention teams (extended time) for recent‐onset psychosis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.38 [0.09, 1.64]
  3 studies · 780 participants
  Low

LMWH prophylaxis vs UFH

It is very uncertain whether antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: LMWH changes adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment compared with UFH (very low certainty).

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.07 [0.01, 0.54]
  2 studies · 226 participants
  Very low

Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis: UFH vs no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 140 participants
  Very low

TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether TEMPOROPARIETAL TMS changes adverse effects: Leaving the study early compared with STANDARD TREATMENT (very low certainty).

• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.08, 1.46]
  2 studies · 140 participants
  Very low

Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): LMWH vs UFH

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

1400/250 ppm F (amine F/SnF2) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily vs 1400/250 ppm F (NaF) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond (end of orthodontic treatment)
  Additional SoF Table 2. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Patient-used 250 ppm F mouthrinse (100 ppm amine F/150 ppm NaF), daily vs 0 ppm F placebo mouthrinse, daily

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond (end of orthodontic treatment)
  SoF 4. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Slow-release fluoride device (fluoride glass beads) vs Fluoride mouthrinse

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond; follow-up 19 months
  Additional SoF Table 3. Adverse effects: current design of the fluoride glass bead inadequate; high attrition partly due to bead breakages ('an improved method of attachment is needed'). 37 participants (1 RCT, Luther…
  1 study · 37 participants
  Very low

Resin-modified glass ionomer cement for bonding orthodontic brackets vs Composite resin for bonding brackets

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond; follow-up 17.6 months
  SoF 5. Adverse effects: no evidence that either intervention had adverse effects. 173 participants (1 RCT, Benson 2019); certainty LOW.
  1 study · 173 participants
  Low

Patient-used 5000 ppm F toothpaste, daily vs 1450 to 1500 ppm F toothpaste

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond (end of orthodontic treatment)
  SoF 3. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

12,500 ppm F (NaF/olaflur/dectaflur) amine fluoride gel vs Placebo gel

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond; mean follow-up 16.6 months
  Additional SoF Table 1. Adverse effects: with placebo gel 0.60%; with fluoride gel 0.00% (0 to 0); difference 0.60% fewer (0.60 fewer to 0.60 fewer); relative effect not estimable; 312 participants (1 RCT); certainty…
  1 study · 312 participants
  Very low

Professionally-applied 12,300 ppm F APF foam, every 2 months vs 0 ppm F placebo foam

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond (end of orthodontic treatment)
  SoF 2. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Fluoride varnish vs Non-fluoride (placebo) varnish

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond; follow-up 1.7 years
  SoF 1. Adverse effects: no evidence that the intervention had adverse effects; only 1 participant with an adverse event and unclear if directly related to the intervention. 148 participants (1 RCT, Sonesson 2019);…
  1 study · 148 participants
  Low