Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

488 questions · 501 findings · 191 reviews

No studies found 126 · 25.1%GRADE not reported 124 · 24.8%Very low 104 · 20.8%Low 89 · 17.8%Moderate 49 · 9.8%High 9 · 1.8%

NSAIDs (ketorolac oral rinse; systemic celecoxib) vs placebo or no treatment

Safety of the intervention (adverse effects) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • SoF 3, Safety of the intervention over 3 months: systemic celecoxib (1 study) - 32 intervention participants reported 56 adverse effects, 20 placebo participants reported 20; 4 grade 3 events; 2 discontinued. Ketorolac…
    2 studies
    GRADE not reported

Topical bleomycin vs placebo or no treatment

Safety of the intervention (adverse effects) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    up to 3 months
    SoF 5, Safety of the intervention up to 3 months: 'All patients in the bleomycin group developed erythema with erosion by the end of the applications, whereas erythema developed in the placebo group. Discomfort was…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Systemic beta carotene or carotenoids (incl. lycopene) vs placebo or no treatment

Safety of the intervention (adverse effects) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    5 to 12 months
    SoF 2, Safety of the intervention at 5 to 12 months: 'Systemic beta carotene did not cause any adverse effects in 1 study supplementing 10 mg/d (Nagao), and caused adverse effects of varying severity in 9% of…
    3 studies
    GRADE not reported

Herbal extracts (tea components; Chinese herbal mixture; freeze-dried black raspberry gel) vs placebo or no treatment

Safety of the intervention (adverse effects) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    up to 3 months
    SoF 4, Safety of the intervention up to 3 months: '3 studies measured adverse effects: green tea extract capsules caused high frequency (93%) of adverse effects of varying severity in 1 study; the mixed tea study did…
    3 studies
    GRADE not reported

Vitamin A or retinoids (systemic or topical; incl. 13-cis-retinoic acid, acitretin) vs placebo or no treatment

Safety of the intervention (adverse effects) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    4 to 12 months
    SoF 1, Safety of the intervention at 4 to 12 months: '3 studies (1 each evaluating topical acitretin, topical 13-cis-retinoic acid, 200,000 IU per week of vitamin A) found no adverse effects. Systemic 13-cis-retinoic…
    4 studies
    GRADE not reported

Bowman-Birk inhibitor vs placebo or no treatment

Safety of the intervention (adverse effects) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    up to 6 months
    SoF 6, Safety of the intervention up to 6 months: 'Trial authors reported that there were no significant adverse effects. 33 participants in the intervention group reported 75 adverse effects. 25 participants in the…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Mefloquine vs atovaquone‐proguanil

Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · non‐immune adults and children travelling to or living in malaria‐endemic settings

Mefloquine led to higher discontinuation of drug due to adverse effects compared with atovaquone‐proguanil; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs sham

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · people with episodic migraine

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in number of participants reporting adverse effects compared with sham interventions (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs prophylactic drugs

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · people with episodic migraine

Acupuncture probably leads to lower number of participants reporting adverse effects compared with prophylactic drugs (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings ‐ withdrawal of penicillin prophylaxis vs continuation

Nausea and vomiting · children with SCD who have been receiving prophylactic penicillin for at least two years

Summary of findings ‐ withdrawal of penicillin prophylaxis showed no clear difference in adverse effects: incidences of nausea and vomiting compared with continuation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous platinum infusion vs bolus platinum infusion

Adverse effects: toxic death (no definition provided) · children with cancer treated with platinum‐based therapy

Continuous platinum infusion showed no clear difference in adverse effects: toxic death (no definition provided) compared with bolus platinum infusion (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride mouthrinse, gel or varnish combined with fluoride toothpaste (any combined regimen) vs Fluoride toothpaste alone

Adverse effects (tooth staining and other side effects) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less
1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet

Gastrointestinal adverse events · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Protein changes side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event compared with standard diet (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo mouthwash

Adverse effects requiring withdrawal/discontinuation of study medication · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and all ages; all four…

Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA)… showed no clear difference in side effects or other adverse events requiring withdrawal compared with placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review