What do systematic reviews say?

Oral beta‐estradiol vs placebo

• Bioidentical hormones for women with vasomotor symptoms 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 433 participants
  Low

New‐generation antidepressants vs placebo

New‐generation antidepressants showed no clear difference in adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.26 [0.52, 9.81]
  2 studies · 163 participants
  Low

Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oestrogen vs placebo or no treatment

Oestrogen showed no clear difference in number with adverse effects ‐ Local administration compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.33 [0.32, 5.61]
  2 studies · 144 participants
  Moderate

Intranasal steroid spray vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether topical (intranasal) steroids changes adverse event: systemic corticosteroid side effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Oral steroids vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether oral steroids changes adverse event: systemic corticosteroid side effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

MVA85A vs placebo

• MVA85A vaccine to enhance BCG for preventing tuberculosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 144 participants
  Low

FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE changes extrapyramidal adverse effects ‐ tardive dyskinesia compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

• Fluphenazine decanoate (depot) and enanthate for schizophrenia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.62, 1.11]
  1 study · 54 participants
  Very low

Natural products vs placebo

Natural products showed no clear difference in adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.54 [0.08, 3.5]
  3 studies · 506 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Topical capsaicin vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  4 weeks
  Three participants from the topical capsaicin group withdrew from the study by Winocur et al 2000 due to the severity of the burning sensation and redness.
  1 study · 30 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral gabapentin vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 weeks
  Four of the participants withdrew from the study by Kimos et al 2007 due to adverse effects, but neither the type of adverse effect nor the trial group was specified.
  1 study · 44 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral glucosamine hydrochloride/chondroitin sulphate vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  3 months
  Two allergic reactions and one severe abdominal pain led to three withdrawals from the intervention group in the study by Nguyen et al 2001.
  1 study · 45 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  60 days
  One participant in the clonazepam group withdrew from the study by Harkins et al 1991 due to severe headache.
  1 study · 20 participants
  GRADE not reported

Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors vs placebo

Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors showed no clear difference in adverse effects: Nausea ‐ short term (2 to 12 weeks) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors for schizophrenia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.49 [0.1, 2.41]
  3 studies · 176 participants
  Low

HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes adverse effects: Specific ‐ dystonia within 24 hours compared with PLACEBO/NIL (very low certainty).

• Haloperidol for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7.49 [0.93, 60.21]
  2 studies · 207 participants
  Very low

SPRM vs placebo

SPRM may leads to higher adverse effects: SPRM‐associated endometrial changes compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) for uterine fibroids 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 15.12 [6.45, 35.47]
  5 studies · 405 participants
  Low

Systemic interventions (aciclovir, thalidomide, corticosteroids, rebamipide, etanercept, colchicine, interferon-alpha) vs placebo

• Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease 2014 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF 2 (systemic interventions vs placebo), grouped comment spanning all four listed outcomes (verbatim; the review's wording "topical" is a typo for systemic): "8 placebo-controlled trials evaluated topical…
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Cyclosporin A in orabase (topical) vs Placebo (orabase)

• Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease 2014 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Ergun 1997: no adverse effects were seen.
  1 study · 24 participants
  GRADE not reported

Topical interventions (sucralfate, interferon-alpha, cyclosporin A) vs placebo

• Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease 2014 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF (topical interventions vs placebo), grouped comment spanning all four listed outcomes (verbatim): "5 placebo-controlled trials evaluated topical interventions (sucralfate suspension (2 trials), interferon-alpha (2…
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Thalidomide (systemic; 100 mg or 300 mg daily) vs placebo

• Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease 2014 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Males only
  Hamuryudan 1998: significant adverse effects including severe sedation, polyneuropathy, loss of libido, and weight gain; a greater number of adverse events was seen for the higher (300 mg) dose; 4 patients withdrew due…
  1 study · 101 participants
  GRADE not reported