What do systematic reviews say?

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

NSAIDs vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

1500 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

• Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  24 months
  Adverse effects of toothpaste: not estimable; 0 events reported (Fan 2008); 998 participants (1 RCT); low-certainty.
  1 study · 998 participants
  Low

1000 or 1100 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects of toothpaste: no studies reported this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes adverse effects: palpitations compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  short-term (up to 3 months)
  RR 1.06 [0.17, 6.72]
  1 study · 37 participants
  Very low

Benzodiazepines (topical clonazepam) vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines (topical clonazepam) changes adverse effects: spasmophilia compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  short-term (up to 3 months) · topical clonazepam
  RR 3.00 [0.13, 70.16]
  1 study · 48 participants
  Very low

Topical clindamycin vs placebo

Topical clindamycin showed no clear difference in adverse effects (non‐serious) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for hidradenitis suppurativa 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.72 [0.14, 3.64]
  1 study · 27 participants
  Moderate

Paracervical vs placebo

Paracervical probably leads to higher adverse effects ‐ Hypotension compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.06 [1.21, 7.78]
  2 studies · 171 participants
  Moderate

Light vibrational forces (LVF) vs Conventional orthodontic appliance treatment

• Non‐surgical adjunctive interventions for accelerating tooth movement in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No serious adverse effects were reported across five studies that assessed harms (Katchooi 2018; Lombardo 2018; Pavlin 2015; Reiss 2020; Taha 2020).
  5 studies
  GRADE not reported

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedure vs placebo or no prophylaxis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing bacterial endocarditis following dental procedures 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects of antibiotics | No data reported | 248 (1 study) | - | -
  0 studies
  No studies found

Topiramate vs placebo

Topiramate probably leads to higher adverse effects ‐ paraesthesia compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Topiramate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.65 [1.58, 8.39]
  7 studies · 1071 participants
  Moderate

Buspirone vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Ginkgo biloba vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Montelukast vs placebo

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists for eczema 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 131 participants
  Low

L‐carnitine vs placebo

• L‐carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Anticonvulsants (gabapentin + alpha lipoic acid) vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether anticonvulsants (gabapentin + alpha lipoic acid) changes adverse effects: mild headache compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  short-term (up to 3 months) · gabapentin with adjunctive ALA
  RR 8.71 [0.37, 205.80]
  1 study · 80 participants
  Very low

Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone tartrate vs placebo

• Treatment for speech disorder in Friedreich ataxia and other hereditary ataxia syndromes 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 320 participants
  GRADE not reported

Varenicline vs placebo

• Treatment for speech disorder in Friedreich ataxia and other hereditary ataxia syndromes 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 18 participants
  GRADE not reported