Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

780 questions · 834 findings · 76 reviews

No studies found 187 · 22.4%GRADE not reported 164 · 19.7%Very low 144 · 17.3%Low 172 · 20.6%Moderate 105 · 12.6%High 62 · 7.4%

Vitamin D given to infants vs vitamin D given to lactating mothers

Vitamin D insufficiency: 25‐OH vitamin D < 50 nmol/L · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D given to infants changes vitamin D insufficiency: 25‐OH vitamin D < 50 nmol/L compared with vitamin D given to lactating mothers (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D given to infants vs vitamin D given to lactating mothers

Vitamin D deficiency: 25‐OH vitamin D < 30 nmol/L · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D given to infants changes vitamin D deficiency: 25‐OH vitamin D < 30 nmol/L compared with vitamin D given to lactating mothers (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Stillbirth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in stillbirth compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm birth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in clinical pre‐eclampsia (random‐effects model) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Intrauterine growth restriction · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in intrauterine growth restriction (various definitions) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in prelabour rupture of fetal membranes ‐ preterm compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Bleeding episodes (placental abruption) · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation leads to lower bleeding episodes (placental abruption) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review