What do systematic reviews say?

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 192 participants
  Low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Surgical showed no clear difference in quality of life: EQ‐5D (0: dead to 1: best quality of life) compared with non‐surgical treatment (high certainty).

• Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.01
  6 studies · 502 participants
  High

Surgical vs conservative interventions

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures of the middle third of the clavicle 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 321 participants
  Low

Surgical vs Another surgical treatment modality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes)

• Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 165 participants
  Very low

Non‐surgical vs surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer (primary outcomes)

• Non‐surgical versus surgical treatment for oesophageal cancer 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 62 participants
  Very low

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs non‐surgical treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgical interventions for symptomatic mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Surgical vs radiological treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Surgical portosystemic shunts vs devascularisation with splenectomy

• Surgical portosystemic shunts versus devascularisation procedures for prevention of variceal rebleeding in people with… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 154 participants
  GRADE not reported

Open surgical excision vs eccentric exercises

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgery for patellar tendinopathy (jumper’s knee) 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Primary surgical intervention (curettage, peripheral osteotomy, or resection) vs Primary non-surgical intervention (intralesional corticosteroids, subcutaneous calcitonin, interferon alpha, or imatinib)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws 2009 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Surgical portosystemic shunts vs transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)

• Surgical portosystemic shunts versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for variceal haemorrhage in people… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 210 participants
  GRADE not reported

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 122 participants
  Low

PFMT prior to surgical intervention vs surgical intervention alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for urinary… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Any experimental intervention (surgical or non-surgical) vs None (placebo or no treatment)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 1595 participants
  Low

Surgical removal (extraction) of asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth vs Retention (conservative management) of asymptomatic disease-free impacted wisdom teeth

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Surgical removal versus retention for the management of asymptomatic disease‐free impacted wisdom teeth 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Health-related quality of life: Our primary outcome was not assessed in the included studies.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Therapeutic exercise plus non‐surgical intervention vs non‐surgical treatment

• Therapeutic exercises for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 34 participants
  Low

Any orthodontic (non-surgical) treatment to correct posterior crossbite or expand the top teeth vs No treatment or another orthodontic treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Orthodontic treatment for posterior crossbites 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Orthodontic treatment with appliances inducing stable, permanent orthodontic tooth movement (splints worn 8 to 12 weeks and surgical interventions excluded) vs Control: no treatment, placebo, or reassurance

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At least 6 months after the intervention
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found