Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

7 questions · 40 findings · 3 reviews

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No studies found 1 · 2.5%GRADE not reported 39 · 97.5%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy

Dental caries in children · Children of mothers assessed for smoking status during pregnancy (early childhood dental caries)

In the USA study, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with increased odds of childhood dental caries (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.38 to 2.49).

15 findings from 1 review

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Study region: USA
OR 1.85 [1.38, 2.49]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Dental examination: Clinical and radiographic examinations
OR 2.21 [2.09, 2.34]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Study region: Europe
OR 1.67 [1.40, 1.99]
4 studies
GRADE not reported

Show 12 more findings

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Dental examination: Visual/tactile examination
OR 1.48 [1.26, 1.74]
4 studies
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Sample size: <=1000
OR 1.63 [1.11, 2.40]
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Overall (all 12 studies pooled)
OR 1.774 [1.554, 2.026]
12 studies · 90405 participants
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Sample size: >3000
OR 2.18 [2.07, 2.31]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Study region: Asia
OR 1.71 [1.40, 2.10]
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Children's age: >3 years
OR 1.83 [1.53, 2.18]
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Children's age: <=3 years
OR 1.70 [1.50, 1.91]
7 studies
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Sample size: >1000 and ≤3000
OR 1.70 [1.48, 1.88]
7 studies
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Study region: Australia
OR 1.68 [1.35, 2.10]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Dental examination: Parent-reported dental caries
OR 1.68 [1.35, 2.10]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Dental examination: Clinical oral examinations
OR 1.82 [1.47, 2.26]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Exposure during pregnancy; caries assessed in early childhood · Multiple countries (Japan, England, Australia, Poland, USA, Sweden, Italy, Singapore); population/community-based · Dental examination: Visual examination
OR 1.85 [1.59, 2.16]
4 studies
GRADE not reported

Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy

Dental caries · children

Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with higher odds of dental caries in children (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.05; ungraded).

14 findings from 2 reviews · compare the 2 reviews

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Overall
OR 1.78 [1.55, 2.05]
12 studies · 90405 participants
GRADE not reported
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
Study region: Australia
OR 1.68 [1.35, 2.10]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Community/population-based (multiple countries) · Children's age: over 3 years
OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67]
3 studies
GRADE not reported

Show 11 more findings

Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Community/population-based (multiple countries) · Sample size: over 3,000
OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Community/population-based (multiple countries) · Study region: United States
OR 1.68 [1.01, 2.79]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Community/population-based (multiple countries) · Caries assessment: clinical and radiographic examination
OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.67]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Community/population-based (multiple countries) · Sample size: 3,000 or fewer
OR 1.61 [1.30, 2.01]
4 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Community/population-based (multiple countries) · Study region: Europe
OR 1.55 [1.45, 1.66]
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Community/population-based (multiple countries) · Children's age: 3 years or younger
OR 1.71 [1.34, 2.16]
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Community/population-based (multiple countries) · Caries assessment: visual/tactile examination
OR 1.48 [1.15, 1.91]
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Community/population-based (multiple countries)
OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.67]
6 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Community/population-based (multiple countries) · Study region: Asia
OR 1.84 [1.39, 2.45]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Community/population-based (multiple countries)
RR 1.26 [1.07, 1.48]
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Community/population-based (multiple countries) · Caries assessment: visual examination
OR 1.84 [1.39, 2.45]
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy

Dental caries in children · Children in cross-sectional studies from Europe

Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with higher odds of childhood caries in the Europe subgroup.

1 finding from 1 review

Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Europe · Study region: Europe
OR 1.55 [1.45, 1.66]
3 studies
GRADE not reported

Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy

Dental caries in children · Children in cross-sectional studies

The cross-sectional association remained statistically significant after excluding Julihn et al. 2018.

7 findings from 1 review

Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Sensitivity: excluded Julihn et al. 2009
OR 1.63 [1.35, 1.98]
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Sensitivity: excluded Majorana et al. 2014
OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.68]
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Sensitivity: excluded Iida et al. 2007
OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.67]
5 studies
GRADE not reported

Show 4 more findings

Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Sensitivity: excluded Tanaka et al. 2015
OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.67]
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Overall
OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.67]
6 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Sensitivity: excluded Tanaka et al. 2009
OR 1.56 [1.46, 1.66]
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Poland, United States, Sweden, Italy, and Japan · Sensitivity: excluded Borowska-Struginska et al. 2016
OR 1.57 [1.47, 1.68]
5 studies
GRADE not reported

Maternal smoking during pregnancy vs No maternal smoking during pregnancy

Dental caries in children · Children in cross-sectional studies from Asia

Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with higher odds of childhood caries in the Asia subgroup.

1 finding from 1 review

Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and… 2021 All outcomes
Asia · Study region: Asia
OR 1.84 [1.39, 2.45]
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Prenatal passive tobacco exposure (maternal smoking during pregnancy / in the womb) vs No passive tobacco exposure (non-exposed children)

Dental caries in permanent teeth · Children and adolescents with permanent dentition

No eligible studies examined prenatal tobacco exposure and caries in permanent dentition.

1 finding from 1 review

Association between passive tobacco exposure and caries in children and adolescents. A systematic review and… 2018 All outcomes
Community/population-based samples of children and adolescents (households, schools and clinics) across multiple countries; mostly cross-sectional surveys plus some cohort and case-control studies · Prenatal exposure; permanent dentition
no estimate extracted
0 studies
No studies found

Prenatal passive tobacco exposure (maternal smoking during pregnancy / in the womb) vs No passive tobacco exposure (non-exposed children)

Caries presence in primary teeth · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start)

Prenatal (in-womb) tobacco exposure is associated with higher odds of caries in primary dentition (pooled OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.52; 4 studies; no heterogeneity); certainty not graded.

1 finding from 1 review

Association between passive tobacco exposure and caries in children and adolescents. A systematic review and… 2018 All outcomes
Community/population-based samples of children and adolescents (households, schools and clinics) across multiple countries; mostly cross-sectional surveys plus some cohort and case-control studies · Prenatal exposure; primary dentition
OR 1.463 [1.405, 1.523]
4 studies
GRADE not reported