Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

476 questions · 503 findings · 82 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 123 · 24.5%GRADE not reported 18 · 3.6%Very low 175 · 34.8%Low 113 · 22.5%Moderate 52 · 10.3%High 22 · 4.4%

Intervention vs usual care

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition

It is very uncertain whether intervention changes exacerbations ‐ number of people experiencing one or more  compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes exacerbations: number of people experiencing at least one exacerbation compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review