What do systematic reviews say?

Linezolid vs no linezolid

It is very uncertain whether linezolid changes treatment failure compared with no linezolid (very low certainty).

• Linezolid for drug‐resistant pulmonary tuberculosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.26 [0.1, 0.7]
  1 study · 65 participants
  Very low

Moxifloxacin‐containing 4‐month ATT regimens vs standard 6‐month ATT regimen

Moxifloxacin‐containing 4‐month ATT regimens showed no clear difference in treatment failure compared with standard 6‐month ATT regimen (moderate certainty).

• Shortened treatment regimens versus the standard regimen for drug‐sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.33, 1.52]
  3 studies · 2282 participants
  Moderate

Gatifloxacin‐containing 4‐month ATT regimens vs standard 6‐month ATT regimen

Gatifloxacin‐containing 4‐month ATT regimens showed no clear difference in treatment failure compared with standard 6‐month ATT regimens (moderate certainty).

• Shortened treatment regimens versus the standard regimen for drug‐sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.51, 1.7]
  2 studies · 1657 participants
  Moderate

Doxycycline vs tetracycline

It is very uncertain whether doxycycline changes treatment failure compared with tetracycline (very low certainty).

• Antibiotics for treating scrub typhus 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 6.85 [0.38, 124.38]
  1 study · 116 participants
  Very low

Rifampicin vs doxycycline

• Antibiotics for treating scrub typhus 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 78 participants
  Very low

Macrolides vs doxycycline

It is very uncertain whether macrolides changes treatment failure compared with doxycycline (very low certainty).

• Antibiotics for treating scrub typhus 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.71 [0.12, 63.84]
  3 studies · 242 participants
  Very low

Tuberculosis outreach screening vs no intervention

It is very uncertain whether tuberculosis outreach screening changes treatment failure compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

• Interventions to increase tuberculosis case detection at primary healthcare or community‐level services 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.57 [0.5, 4.92]
  849 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in treatment failure (low certainty).

• Efavirenz or nevirapine in three‐drug combination therapy with two nucleoside or nucleotide‐reverse transcriptase… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.76, 1.24]
  5 studies · 737 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in treatment failure (moderate certainty).

• Fixed‐dose combinations of drugs versus single‐drug formulations for treating pulmonary tuberculosis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.28 [0.82, 2]
  7 studies · 3606 participants
  Moderate

Fluoroquinolone plus standard regimen vs standard regimen

• Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Fluoroquinolone substitution for isoniazid in a standard six month regimen vs standard regimen

• Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Fluoroquinolone substitution for ethambutol in a standard six month regimen vs standard regimen

• Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug‐sensitive) 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Lactose‐free vs lactose‐containing milk, milk products, or foodstuffs

Lactose‐free probably leads to lower treatment failure compared with lactose‐containing milk, milk products, or foodstuffs (moderate certainty).

• Lactose avoidance for young children with acute diarrhoea 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.52 [0.39, 0.68]
  18 studies · 1470 participants
  Moderate

Diluted (by at least 50%) vs undiluted lactose‐containing milk, milk products, or foodstuffs

Diluted (by at least 50%) may leads to lower treatment failure compared with undiluted lactose‐containing milk, milk products, or foodstuffs (low certainty).

• Lactose avoidance for young children with acute diarrhoea 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.45, 0.94]
  9 studies · 687 participants
  Low

Atovaquone‐proguanil vs artesunate‐atovaquone‐proguanil

Atovaquone‐proguanil showed no clear difference in early treatment failure compared with artesunate‐atovaquone‐proguanil (low certainty).

• Atovaquone‐proguanil for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.11 [0.25, 104.94]
  2 studies · 395 participants
  Low

Atovaquone‐proguanil vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ)

Atovaquone‐proguanil showed no clear difference in early treatment failure compared with artesunate‐amodiaquine (low certainty).

• Atovaquone‐proguanil for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 13.8 [0.79, 240.11]
  1 study · 132 participants
  Low

Doxycycline+Rifampicin vs Doxycycline+Streptomycin

Doxycycline+Rifampicin probably leads to higher total treatment failure compared with doxycycline+Streptomycin (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotics for treating human brucellosis 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.91 [1.07, 3.42]
  7 studies · 567 participants
  Moderate

Doxycycline+Rifampicin vs Quinolones+Rifampicin

Doxycycline+Rifampicin showed no clear difference in total treatment failure compared with quinolones+Rifampicin (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotics for treating human brucellosis 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.94 [0.45, 1.98]
  3 studies · 181 participants
  Moderate

Doxycycline+Streptomycin vs Doxycycline+Gentamycin

Doxycycline+Streptomycin showed no clear difference in total treatment failure compared with doxycycline+Gentamycin (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for treating human brucellosis 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.85 [0.84, 4.08]
  2 studies · 345 participants
  Low

Dihydroartemisinin‐piperaquine vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL)

Dihydroartemisinin‐piperaquine leads to lower treatment failure Day 28 compared with artemether‐lumefantrine (high certainty).

• Dihydroartemisinin‐piperaquine for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.34 [0.3, 0.39]
  9 studies · 6200 participants
  High