What do systematic reviews say?

Exercise therapy vs Placebo (sham/placebo device)

It is very uncertain whether exercise therapy changes pain compared with sham/placebo treatment (very low certainty).

• Exercise therapy for treatment of acute non‐specific low back pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 299 participants
  Very low

Exercise therapy vs no treatment

• Exercise therapy for treatment of acute non‐specific low back pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 157 participants
  Very low

Yoga vs exercise

• Yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 326 participants
  Very low

Yoga vs sham yoga

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Yoga vs no exercise

• Yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 946 participants
  Moderate

Manipulation (cervical) vs oral medicine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Manipulation vs mobilisation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Manipulation vs exercise

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

High dose of manipulation vs low dose of manipulation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Manipulation (thoracic) vs inactive control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher PAIN INTENSITY (low certainty).

• Individual recovery expectations and prognosis of outcomes in non‐specific low back pain: prognostic factor review 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.15 [1.08, 1.23]
  5 studies · 1510 participants
  Low

Back School vs medical care

It is very uncertain whether back School changes pain: long‐term compared with medical care (very low certainty).

• Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 406 participants
  Very low

Back School vs exercise

Back School showed no clear difference in pain: long‐term compared with exercise (low certainty).

• Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 4.58
  3 studies · 461 participants
  Low

Back School vs no treatment

It is very uncertain whether back School changes pain: long‐term compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

• Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 244 participants
  Very low

Back School vs no treatment

It is very uncertain whether back School changes pain: short‐term compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

• Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 647 participants
  Very low

Back School vs passive physiotherapy

It is very uncertain whether back School changes pain: short‐term compared with passive physiotherapy (very low certainty).

• Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 1.96
  3 studies · 290 participants
  Very low

Back School vs passive physiotherapy

It is very uncertain whether back School changes pain ‐ long‐term compared with passive physiotherapy (very low certainty).

• Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 291 participants
  Very low

Back School vs exercise

It is very uncertain whether back School changes pain: short‐term compared with exercise (very low certainty).

• Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 416 participants
  Very low

Back School vs medical care

It is very uncertain whether back School changes pain: short‐term compared with medical care (very low certainty).

• Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 249 participants
  Very low