What do systematic reviews say?

Intranasal steroid spray vs placebo or no intervention

• Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 77 participants
  Very low

Intranasal steroid drops vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CBT vs audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 410 participants
  Moderate

CBT vs TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking)

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 42 participants
  Low

CBT vs other experimental control

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 595 participants
  Low

CBT vs no treatment or waiting list

• Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 447 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Restriction of salt, caffeine and alcohol intake for the treatment of Ménière's disease or syndrome 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Tranexamic acid vs alternative haemostatic agents

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Tranexamic acid for patients with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Tranexamic acid vs placebo + standard care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Tranexamic acid for patients with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Betahistine vs placebo

• Betahistine for tinnitus 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 11 participants
  Very low
• Betahistine for tinnitus 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 41 participants
  Moderate

Betahistine vs placebo (with concurrent medication)

• Betahistine for tinnitus 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 59 participants
  Moderate

Saline irrigation plus pharmacological treatment vs pharmacological treatment alone

• Saline irrigation for allergic rhinitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Saline vs no saline treatment

• Saline irrigation for allergic rhinitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Gingko biloba with concurrent intervention vs concurrent intervention only

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Ginkgo biloba vs placebo

Ginkgo biloba showed no clear difference in other adverse effects (gastrointestinal upset, headache, allergic… compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.52, 1.6]
  4 studies · 1175 participants
  Low