What do systematic reviews say?

Chemotherapy (any regimen; added to, or compared with, locoregional treatment) vs Locoregional treatment and/or an alternative chemotherapy regimen

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: chemotherapy 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Harms/toxicity were planned but very little quantitative data suitable for analysis were found; toxicity reported narratively and not quantified or GRADE-rated.
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implants

Immediate may leads to higher adverse effects other than prolonged vaginal bleeding compared with delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implants (low certainty).

• Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.06 [1.38, 3.06]
  1 study · 215 participants
  Low

Fluoride mouthrinse, gel or varnish combined with fluoride toothpaste (any combined regimen) vs Fluoride toothpaste alone

• Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for… 2004 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse-effect data scarcely reported: a stain score in one trial and 'any side effects' in one trial without complete or useable data (stated 'no side effects observed in both groups'). No useful information on tooth…
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs methadone

Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist may leads to higher number experiencing hypotensive or other adverse effects compared with methadone (low certainty).

• Alpha₂‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.92 [1.19, 3.1]
  6 studies · 464 participants
  Low

Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo mouthwash

Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA)… showed no clear difference in side effects or other adverse events requiring withdrawal compared with placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) (moderate certainty).

• Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral surgery or… 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes

  7 days
  RD 0.00 [-0.04, 0.04]
  2 studies · 128 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Antidepressants for preventing postnatal depression 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 22 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Antidepressants for preventing postnatal depression 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 51 participants
  Very low

Double primary (canine and first molar) tooth extraction vs Single primary (canine) tooth extraction

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for promoting the eruption of palatally displaced permanent canine teeth, without the need for surgical… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
  The studies did not report adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Extraction of the primary (baby) canine (single primary tooth extraction) vs No extraction (non-intervention control)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for promoting the eruption of palatally displaced permanent canine teeth, without the need for surgical… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Only root resorption was assessed; other adverse effects (gingival disease, demineralisation) were not reported.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Gingko biloba with concurrent intervention vs concurrent intervention only

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

RISPERIDONE vs ECT

• Antipsychotics for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 14 participants
  GRADE not reported

Pyridoxal 5 phosphate (vitamin B6) vs placebo

Pyridoxal 5 phosphate (vitamin B6) showed no clear difference in global: Other adverse effects than tardive dyskinesia Self‐report by… compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Pyridoxal 5 phosphate for neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.97 [0.2, 78.59]
  2 studies · 65 participants
  Low

Chlorhexidine mouthrinse (any concentration; 0.05% to 0.2%) used in conjunction with mechanical oral hygiene procedures vs Placebo/control mouthrinse, or no mouthrinse (mechanical oral hygiene alone); controls pooled (protocol's separate comparisons versus mechanical oral hygiene alone and versus placebo/control merged)

• Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF narrative row (Other adverse effects): 22 trials reported at least 1 adverse effect apart from extrinsic tooth staining and calculus formation in the chlorhexidine rinse arms. The adverse effects most commonly…
  22 studies
  GRADE not reported

Ginkgo biloba vs placebo

Ginkgo biloba showed no clear difference in other adverse effects (gastrointestinal upset, headache, allergic… compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.52, 1.6]
  4 studies · 1175 participants
  Low

Low molecular weight heparin vs no prophylaxis

Low‐molecular‐weight heparin showed no clear difference in all adverse effects, including allergies at injection site, minor… compared with no prophylaxis (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing venous thromboembolism in adults undergoing knee arthroscopy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.85 [0.95, 3.59]
  5 studies · 1978 participants
  Moderate

Sodium thiosulfate vs no otoprotective intervention

• Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 109 participants
  Low

Analgesic‐decongestant vs placebo

Analgesic‐decongestant showed no clear difference in adverse effects: drowsiness, hypersomnia, lethargy, excessive… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.34 [0.76, 2.37]
  5 studies · 1644 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 244 participants
  Very low

Comparison #3: Decision coaching plus evidence‐based information vs usual care ‐ Summary of findings

• Decision coaching for people making healthcare decisions 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 250 participants
  Very low