Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

81 questions · 83 findings · 45 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 15 · 18.1%GRADE not reported 3 · 3.6%Very low 30 · 36.1%Low 24 · 28.9%Moderate 9 · 10.8%High 2 · 2.4%

Standard‐protein formula vs low‐protein formula

All‐cause mortality · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

High‐protein formula vs standard‐protein formula

All‐cause mortality · healthy, full‐term (37 to 42 weeks), formula‐fed infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed term infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Mask vs prongs

All‐cause mortality · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP

Mask showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with prongs (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.56, 1.22]
7 studies · 814 participants
Low

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.58 [0.3, 1.13]
2 studies · 671 participants
Very low

Non‐invasive ventilation vs supplemental oxygen or no treatment

All‐cause mortality · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn

It is very uncertain whether non‐invasive respiratory support changes all‐cause mortality compared with supplemental oxygen or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.3 [0.01, 6.99]
1 study · 64 participants
Very low

Formula vs donor breast milk

All‐cause mortality · preterm or low birth weight infants

Formula showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with donor breast milk (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.1 [0.8, 1.5]
7 studies · 1527 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality · newborn infants at risk of gastrointestinal bleeding

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes all‐cause mortality (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn infants 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.42 [0.7, 8.38]
1 study · 53 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality · infants with upper gastrointestinal bleeding

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn infants 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.63 [0.26, 1.51]
2 studies · 131 participants
Low

Sildenafil vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · pulmonary hypertension in neonates

Sildenafil may leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.2 [0.07, 0.56]
3 studies · 77 participants
Low

Sildenafil vs active control

All‐cause mortality · pulmonary hypertension in neonates

It is very uncertain whether sildenafil changes all‐cause mortality compared with active control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.55 [0.05, 5.75]
1 study · 65 participants
Very low

Sildenafil plus iNO vs placebo plus iNO

All‐cause mortality · pulmonary hypertension in neonates

Sildenafil plus iNO showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo plus iNO (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.27 [0.26, 6.28]
1 study · 24 participants
Low

Cerebral NIRS oximetry vs no cerebral NIRS oximetry

All‐cause mortality · patients with preventing morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants

Cerebral NIRS oximetry showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with no cerebral NIRS oximetry (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cerebral near‐infrared spectroscopy monitoring for prevention of brain injury in very preterm infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.29, 1]
1 study · 166 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality · preterm or low birth weight infants

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic phototherapy for preventing jaundice in preterm or low birth weight infants 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.08 [0.93, 1.26]
4 studies · 3044 participants
Moderate