Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,949 questions · 1,994 findings · 636 reviews

No studies found 504 · 25.3%GRADE not reported 340 · 17.1%Very low 477 · 23.9%Low 390 · 19.6%Moderate 241 · 12.1%High 42 · 2.1%

Lamotrigine vs lithium

Any reported adverse effects 6‐12 months after initiating the intervention (long term) · bipolar disorder

Lamotrigine probably leads to lower any reported adverse effects 6‐12 months after initiating the… compared with lithium (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lamotrigine vs placebo

Any reported adverse effects 6‐12 months after initiating the intervention (long term) · bipolar disorder

Lamotrigine showed no clear difference in any reported adverse effects 6‐12 months after initiating the… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Sulthiame add‐on vs placebo

Number experiencing adverse effects · patients between 3 to 15 months of age with West syndrome

It is very uncertain whether sulthiame add‐on changes adverse effects: total number of participants experiencing one or… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) vs placebo

Adverse effects: 2. Extrapyramidal ‐ akathisia · patients with schizophrenia

ORAL FLUPHENAZINE probably leads to higher adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects (akathisia) ‐ short… compared with PLACEBO (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs first‐generation antipsychotics

Adverse events as N of participants with at least one adverse event objective · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether haloperidol changes adverse effects: number of participants with at least one adverse… compared with first‐generation antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any intervention to manage relapse: fixed options (labial braces, lingual braces, fixed lingual wire) or removable options (Hawley's retainer with spring elastomeric module, Bloore removable aligner, other Hawley's retainer modifications, Invisalign, Clearstep) vs no intervention or another intervention

Adverse effects including pain, gingivitis, enamel decalcification and root resorption · Participants who previously underwent orthodontic treatment, with subsequent crowding (relapse) of the lower front teeth (lower incisors…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

IVIg vs acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)

Incidence of any adverse effects after treatment initiation ( · people undergoing initial treatment for KD

It is very uncertain whether primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) changes incidence of any adverse effects after treatment initiation (from 30… compared with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: b. HALOPERIDOL + LORAZEPAM

Adverse effects: specific ‐ dystonia · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes adverse effects: Specific ‐ dystonia (only reported if occurred in… compared with COMBINATIONS: b. HALOPERIDOL + LORAZEPAM (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs lorazepam

Adverse effects: specific ‐ dystonia · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes adverse effects: specific ‐ dystonia (only reported if occurred in… compared with BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy vs conventional laser/cryotherapy

Local adverse effects ‐ lens opacity requiring cataract removal (unit of analysis: eyes) · preterm infants with type 1 ROP

It is very uncertain whether anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy changes local adverse effects ‐ lens opacity requiring cataract removal… compared with conventional laser/cryotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CHLORPROMAZINE vs piperacetazine

Adverse effects/events: incidence of adverse effects ‐ as defined by each of the studies · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether chlorpromazine changes adverse effects/events: incidence of adverse effects ‐ as defined by… compared with piperacetazine (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical foscarnet vs placebo

Adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention (leading to discontinuation) · participants with recurrent herpes labialis

Topical foscarnet showed no clear difference in adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention (leading… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adjunctive antioxidants for schizophrenia vs placebo

Adverse effects: 1. Serious (any time point) ‐ any serious adverse effect Various methods · patients with schizophrenia

Adjunctive antioxidants for schizophrenia showed no clear difference in adverse effects: 1. Serious (any time point) ‐ any serious adverse… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review