What do systematic reviews say?

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Benzodiazepines may leads to higher number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Benzodiazepines versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.58 [1.16, 2.15]
  14 studies · 3263 participants
  Low

4% prilocaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment; 147 participants, 147 interventions (2 studies); unclear whether data relate to just solution deposition. Not pooled/graded.
  2 studies · 147 participants
  GRADE not reported

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment (orphan study); 86 participants, 172 interventions (1 study). Not pooled/graded.
  1 study · 86 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment (orphan study; exact time of follow-up not reported); 86 participants, 172 interventions (1 study). Not pooled/graded.
  1 study · 86 participants
  GRADE not reported

3% prilocaine, 0.03 IU felypressin vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment (orphan study; unclear whether data relate to just solution deposition; SDs not reported); 18 participants, 36 interventions (1 study). Not pooled/graded.
  1 study · 18 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment (orphan study; unclear whether data relate to just solution deposition; SDs not reported); 18 participants, 36 interventions (1 study). Not pooled/graded.
  1 study · 18 participants
  GRADE not reported

2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment (orphan study; unclear whether data relate to just solution deposition); 48 participants, 48 interventions (1 study). Not pooled/graded.
  1 study · 48 participants
  GRADE not reported

Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo

Tricyclic antidepressants probably leads to higher number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.97 [1.33, 2.91]
  10 studies · 1641 participants
  Moderate

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors probably leads to higher number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.45 [1.16, 1.81]
  22 studies · 4131 participants
  Moderate

Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) vs placebo

Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors showed no clear difference in number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.49 [0.92, 2.4]
  4 studies · 1531 participants
  Moderate

Antidepressants vs placebo

Antidepressants probably leads to higher number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.49 [1.25, 1.78]
  33 studies · 7688 participants
  Moderate

Iodine vs non‐antibacterial

Iodine showed no clear difference in adverse effects: iodine gauze versus MEBO compared with non‐antibacterial (low certainty).

• Antiseptics for burns 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.3, 1.69]
  1 study · 211 participants
  Low

Dietary supplements (Catuama herbal compound) vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (Catuama herbal compound) changes adverse effects: exacerbation of symptoms compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  short-term (up to 3 months) · Catuama
  RR 1.12 [0.33, 3.83]
  1 study · 72 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse effects: diarrhoea 48 to 72 hours (low certainty).

• Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.07 [0.82, 1.4]
  3 studies · 2176 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse effects ‐ Eyelid or facial oedema (very low certainty).

• Valacyclovir versus acyclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus in immunocompetent patients 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.32 [0.03, 3]
  1 study · 110 participants
  Very low

Tricyclic antidepressants vs benzodiazepines

TCAs may leads to higher number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with benzodiazepines (low certainty).

• Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.1 [1.13, 3.93]
  2 studies · 848 participants
  Low

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs benzodiazepines

It is very uncertain whether SSRIs changes number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with benzodiazepines (very low certainty).

• Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.2 [0.55, 2.61]
  1 study · 154 participants
  Very low

Tricyclic antidepressants vs SSRI

TCAs showed no clear difference in number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with SSRI (low certainty).

• Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.43 [0.82, 2.48]
  5 studies · 476 participants
  Low

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs SNRIs

SSRIs showed no clear difference in number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with SNRIs (low certainty).

• Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.86 [0.49, 7.05]
  2 studies · 991 participants
  Low